19世纪上半叶,法国处于工业化过程;这时,广大的非农业劳动者实际上毫无闲暇。不但劳动环境不舒适、不卫生、不惬人意,而且劳动日平均长达13小时;14和15小时的情况相当普遍,17小时也不鲜见。劳作连续不断,工间休息和进餐时间压缩到最小限度。公共节日极少,休假闻所未闻,星期天休息也难得实现。这与当代法国的对照何等强烈!1975 In the first half of the 19th century, France was in the process of industrialization; at this time, the vast majority of non-agricultural laborers had virtually no free time. Not only is the working environment uncomfortable, unhygienic and uncomfortable, and the average working day is up to 13 hours; the cases at 14 and 15 hours are quite common and 17 hours are not uncommon. Continuous labor, work breaks and meal time compressed to a minimum. There are very few public holidays, unheard of vacations, and rare rest on Sunday. How strong is this comparison with contemporary France!