论文部分内容阅读
波文比用以描述从地球表面到空气中以潜热或感热发生的热传递过程,其由于土地利用和覆盖变化的生物物理效应而成为研究热点.波文比对评估生态系统气候调节功能具有一定的作用,但在大多数生态评估中常常被忽略.本文以位于气候敏感区和脆弱区的青藏高原腹地的三江源地区为研究区域,基于MODIS蒸散产品以及2001–2018年MODIS反照率计算出的陆地表面净辐射估算出波文比,并利用通量观测数据对MODIS蒸散产品进行了验证.通过多元线性回归和结构方程模型(SEM)两种方法分别分析了波文比的时空变化和影响因素.结果表明:1)MOD16蒸散数据与海北和当雄两个高寒草甸的涡度通量观测数据显著相关,相关系数分别为0.78和0.70,显著水平P值均小于0.01;2)2001–2018年期间三江源地区草地的多年平均波文比是2.52±0.77,呈从东南向西北逐渐递增的空间格局;研究时段内波文比整体呈下降趋势(Slope=–0.025,R2=0.21,P=0.056);3)以年总降水量、年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年平均NDVI及年均反照率为自变量的多元线性回归方程,可解释三江源全区平均波文比年际变化的51％,根据标准化回归系数,气温的影响最大,这表明气候变暖对净辐射分配为感热和潜热的比例有很大的影响;4)此外,植被变化的贡献通过结构方程模型进行定量分析,结果表明NDVI的增加将导致反照率的下降,路径系数为–0.57,反照率对波文比影响为正,路径系数为0.43,这是由于气候变化引起的NDVI变化的负面和间接影响.明显的湿润气候可以增加蒸散,以全球气候变暖为主并叠加降水增加的气候变化,将促进植被生长,地表反照率降低,会使地表净辐射增加;但同时气候变暖主导并直接促进了地表蒸散增加,导致了波文比降低,表明波文比能够综合反映区域气候和植被变化的生物地球物理效应,可在今后生态系统评估中作为气候调节功能指标之一.“,”The Bowen ratio (β) is used to quantify heat transfer from the land surface into the air, which is becoming a hot topic in research on the biogeophysical effects of land use and cover changes. The Three-River Headwaters (TRH), as a sensitive and fragile region, was selected as the study area. The β for 2001–2018 was estimated from the evapotranspiration product (ETMOD16) of MODIS and the net radiation of the land surface through the albedo from GLASS. The ETMOD16 data were evaluated against the observation data (ETOBS) at two alpine grassland flux towers obtained from ChinaFLUX. The interannual trend of the β was analyzed by multiple linear regression (MLR) and structure model (SEM) with the multiple factors of precipitation, temperature, humidity, albedo, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, MOD09Q1). The results show that the ETMOD16 values were significantly corre-lated with ETOBS, with a correlation coefficient above 0.70 (P < 0.01) for the two sites. In 2001–2018, the regional mean β was 2.52 ± 0.77 for the whole grassland, and its spatial distribution gradually increased from the eastern to western region. The interannual β showed a downward trend with a slope of ?0.025 and a multiple regression co-efficient (R2) of 0.21 (P = 0.056). Most of the variability (51％) in the interannual β can be explained by the linear regression of the above multiple factors, and the temperature plays a dominant role for the whole region. The SEM analysis further shows that an increasing NDVI results in a decreasing albedo with a path coefficient of ?0.57, be-cause the albedo was negatively correlated with NDVI (R2 = 0.52, P < 0.01), which indicates a negative and indirect effect on β from vegetation restoration. An obvious warming climate was found to prompt more evapotranspiration, and restoring vegetation makes the land surface receive more radiation, which both resulted in a decreasing trend in the annual β. This study revealed the biogeophysical mechanisms of vegetation restoration under a changing climate, and demonstrated the Bowen ratio can be applied as an indicator of climate-regulating functions in eco-system assessments.