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Abstract［Objectives］ This study was to determine the correlations of stem taperingness with small central shaft total roughness, average roughness, total length, and average length by slender spindle pruning mode on different apple cultivars.
［Methods］ A total of 2 tree structures were selected, namely, the slender spindleshaped Zhongqiuwang from Shen County of Hebei Province and slender spindleshaped short shoot Fuji from Xingtang County of Hebei Province, to investigate the growth indicators of the small central shafts. SPSS analysis was used to compare the correlations between the taperingness with the growth factors of the small central shafts.
［Results］ The stem taperingness on slender spindleshaped Zhongqiuwang was positively correlated with the various growth factors of the small central shaft, and the difference in the positive correlation with average roughness reached the extremely significant level. The stem taperingness of slender spindleshaped short shoot Fuji was negatively correlated with the total roughness of small central shaft, but was positively correlated with the average roughness, total length and average length.
［Conclusions］ The results provided scientific and theoretical basis for guiding the dense planting of dwarfing apple tree pruning technology.
Key wordsApple; Slender spindle pruning; Related factors analysis
Received: September 6, 2018Accepted: September 26, 2018
Jie HAO (1979-), female, P. R. China, master, associate researcher, devoted to research about breeding and pest and disease control of fruit trees, Email: haohao_822@163.com.
** Cocorresponding author. Email: guoshusuofjz@126.com.
At present, apple production is mostly carried out by close planting cultivation of the dwarfing selfrooted rootstocks or the dwarfing interstocks［1-2］. According to the culture characteristics of the dwarfing apple tree structure and the characteristics of canopy formation, the pruning of young trees should be completed in 3 years, and the pruning from the second to the third year is the key. The mostly adopted tree shapes are slender spindle and free spindle［3-4］. The difference between the upper and lower diameters of tree stem within the unit length is called the taperingness［4］. How to carry out appropriate pruning according to the characteristics of saplings of different varieties is the key technology to ensure the shaping of young trees. At present, the shaping and pruning indexes of young dwarfing apple trees in close planting is determined mainly based on some cultivation experience［5-6］, but there is no related indepth research, lacking in relevant data support. In this paper, the relationship of the taperingness of the central stem with each central shafts was studied in the pruning of dwarfing apple trees, and the techniques related with the pruning of different cultivars of young dwarfing apple trees were explored systematically, with the aim to provide scientific bases for the development of dwarfing apples trees in close planting. In all, the transformation of different tree structures is to meet the best lighting conditions required to produce highquality fruit. It has proved that the tree with good light conditions can produce high quality fruit, and the germinated flower buds are also significantly increased［11］. Therefore, for the dense planting garden of dwarfing apple trees, it is required that the crown light should be optimal［11］, which can be achieved by the pruning measures like budnotching, enlarging branch bending angel at the early growth stage, adjusting branch bending time, and raising the stem height［10, 12-14］.
References
［1］ MA BK, XU JZ, SUN JS. Consideration for high density planting with dwarf rootstocks in apple in China［J］. Journal of Fruit Science, 2010, 27(1): 105-109.
［2］ QI JJ. The study on the effects of bending branch and notching bud of vigorous rootstock apple trees［D］. Baoding: Hebei Agricultural University, 2013.
［3］ WANG JZ, XUE XM. Intensive cultivation model and technical points of dwarf apple rootstocks in Shandong Province［J］. Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 45(11): 125-128
［4］ FENG JZ. Widerow close planting techniques for dwarfing interstocks of apple［J］. Modern Rural Science and Technology, 2007(1): 60.
［5］ LI BZ. Techniques for shaping and planting of dwarfing apple rootstocks［J］. Northwest Horticulture, 2010(10): 13-15.
［6］ WANG XL. Effect of fixed height and plant growth regulator on the branching characteristics of apple saplings［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2014.
［7］ ZHANG MR. Effects of branch bending angle on apple growth and development and related physiological characteristics［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2013.
［8］ HAN MY, LI YW, FAN CH, et al. Effects of branch bending angle on physiological characteristics and fruit quality of Fuji apple［J］. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2008, 35(9): 1345-1350.
［9］ ZHANG W. Effects of pruning and branch bending on the canopy structure and growth results of Red Fuji apple［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2010.
［10］ LI ZY, HAN LH, GUO J, et al. Effects of fixed height on growth and development of the seedlings of dwarfing apple interstocks［J］. China Fruits,2013(5):18-21.
［11］ RUAN BL. Study on the effects of different degrees of reshaping on growth results and photosynthetic capacity of dwarfing apple trees［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2004.
(Continued on page 33)
［Methods］ A total of 2 tree structures were selected, namely, the slender spindleshaped Zhongqiuwang from Shen County of Hebei Province and slender spindleshaped short shoot Fuji from Xingtang County of Hebei Province, to investigate the growth indicators of the small central shafts. SPSS analysis was used to compare the correlations between the taperingness with the growth factors of the small central shafts.
［Results］ The stem taperingness on slender spindleshaped Zhongqiuwang was positively correlated with the various growth factors of the small central shaft, and the difference in the positive correlation with average roughness reached the extremely significant level. The stem taperingness of slender spindleshaped short shoot Fuji was negatively correlated with the total roughness of small central shaft, but was positively correlated with the average roughness, total length and average length.
［Conclusions］ The results provided scientific and theoretical basis for guiding the dense planting of dwarfing apple tree pruning technology.
Key wordsApple; Slender spindle pruning; Related factors analysis
Received: September 6, 2018Accepted: September 26, 2018
Jie HAO (1979-), female, P. R. China, master, associate researcher, devoted to research about breeding and pest and disease control of fruit trees, Email: haohao_822@163.com.
** Cocorresponding author. Email: guoshusuofjz@126.com.
At present, apple production is mostly carried out by close planting cultivation of the dwarfing selfrooted rootstocks or the dwarfing interstocks［1-2］. According to the culture characteristics of the dwarfing apple tree structure and the characteristics of canopy formation, the pruning of young trees should be completed in 3 years, and the pruning from the second to the third year is the key. The mostly adopted tree shapes are slender spindle and free spindle［3-4］. The difference between the upper and lower diameters of tree stem within the unit length is called the taperingness［4］. How to carry out appropriate pruning according to the characteristics of saplings of different varieties is the key technology to ensure the shaping of young trees. At present, the shaping and pruning indexes of young dwarfing apple trees in close planting is determined mainly based on some cultivation experience［5-6］, but there is no related indepth research, lacking in relevant data support. In this paper, the relationship of the taperingness of the central stem with each central shafts was studied in the pruning of dwarfing apple trees, and the techniques related with the pruning of different cultivars of young dwarfing apple trees were explored systematically, with the aim to provide scientific bases for the development of dwarfing apples trees in close planting. In all, the transformation of different tree structures is to meet the best lighting conditions required to produce highquality fruit. It has proved that the tree with good light conditions can produce high quality fruit, and the germinated flower buds are also significantly increased［11］. Therefore, for the dense planting garden of dwarfing apple trees, it is required that the crown light should be optimal［11］, which can be achieved by the pruning measures like budnotching, enlarging branch bending angel at the early growth stage, adjusting branch bending time, and raising the stem height［10, 12-14］.
References
［1］ MA BK, XU JZ, SUN JS. Consideration for high density planting with dwarf rootstocks in apple in China［J］. Journal of Fruit Science, 2010, 27(1): 105-109.
［2］ QI JJ. The study on the effects of bending branch and notching bud of vigorous rootstock apple trees［D］. Baoding: Hebei Agricultural University, 2013.
［3］ WANG JZ, XUE XM. Intensive cultivation model and technical points of dwarf apple rootstocks in Shandong Province［J］. Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 45(11): 125-128
［4］ FENG JZ. Widerow close planting techniques for dwarfing interstocks of apple［J］. Modern Rural Science and Technology, 2007(1): 60.
［5］ LI BZ. Techniques for shaping and planting of dwarfing apple rootstocks［J］. Northwest Horticulture, 2010(10): 13-15.
［6］ WANG XL. Effect of fixed height and plant growth regulator on the branching characteristics of apple saplings［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2014.
［7］ ZHANG MR. Effects of branch bending angle on apple growth and development and related physiological characteristics［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2013.
［8］ HAN MY, LI YW, FAN CH, et al. Effects of branch bending angle on physiological characteristics and fruit quality of Fuji apple［J］. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2008, 35(9): 1345-1350.
［9］ ZHANG W. Effects of pruning and branch bending on the canopy structure and growth results of Red Fuji apple［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2010.
［10］ LI ZY, HAN LH, GUO J, et al. Effects of fixed height on growth and development of the seedlings of dwarfing apple interstocks［J］. China Fruits,2013(5):18-21.
［11］ RUAN BL. Study on the effects of different degrees of reshaping on growth results and photosynthetic capacity of dwarfing apple trees［D］. Yang Ling: Northwest A&F University, 2004.
(Continued on page 33)