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布迪厄否认自己是马克思主义者,也拒绝接受意识形态概念。但是,他的整个学说是从意识形态批判出发的,而且也包含着意识形态理论和批判的丰富内容。本文分别从意识形态作为符号权力的逻辑、意识形态作为社会区分的逻辑以及审美主义意识形态批判三个方面系统阐述他的思想。在他那里,意识形态是社会炼金术,它把历史地偶然地形成的社会秩序化自然化,从而为统治秩序提供了合法性的辩护。这一理论不仅与马克思的理论意旨和实践取向一致,而且丰富和发展了马克思主义的意识形态理论。在这个意义上,他对马克思主义的否定是言不由衷的。
Bourdieu denies himself as a Marxist and refuses to accept the concept of ideology. However, his entire doctrine is based on the ideological critique, but also contains the rich content of ideological theory and criticism. This article elaborates his thoughts systematically from three aspects: the logic of ideology as symbolic power, the ideology as the logic of social distinction, and the criticism of aesthetic ideology. In him, ideology is social alchemy, which naturalizes the social order that has been historically and incidentally formed, thereby providing the legitimacy to justify the order. This theory is not only consistent with Marx’s theoretical intention and practice, but also enriches and develops Marxist ideological theory. In this sense, he is unspeakably negative about Marxism.