论文部分内容阅读
在描述一个事件时,说话人可以用很多方式表达他对事件参与者的态度,或曰相机角度。譬如有这样一个情境,一名叫约翰的大学生打了他的室友比尔,说话人可以用以下方式进行描述:(1a)约翰打了比尔;(1b)约翰打了他的室友;(1c)比尔的室友打了他;(2a)比尔被约翰打了;(2b)比尔被他的室友打了;(2c)??约翰的室友被他打了(John’s roommate was hit by him)。这些句子的逻辑内容完全相同,但在相机角度上各有差异。尤其需要注意的是(2c)为边缘句,或者说只有在特殊条件下才成立的句子。本文首先建立一套制约句子生成的相机角度的规则,然后考察不同的英语句式,这些句式必须依靠上述规则才能解释其成立或不成立的原因。我们还将说明(i)日语能够使用各种语法手段来明确指定在构成句子时说话人所采用的相机角度,而且(ii)日语在某些特定条件下必须使用这样的手段。本文最后将讨论相机角度原则的跨语言特征,尽管这些原则在句法中起作用的场合会因语言而异。
When describing an event, the speaker can express his attitude towards the event participant in many ways, or from a camera perspective. For example, in a situation where a college student named John beat his roommate Bill, the speaker can describe it in the following ways: (1a) John hit Bill; (1b) John hit his roommate; (1c) Bill (2a) Bill was hit by John; (2b) Bill was hit by his roommate; (2c) John’s roommate was hit by him. The logical content of these sentences is exactly the same, but varies from camera angle. In particular, note that (2c) is a marginal sentence, or a sentence that is valid only under special conditions. This article first establishes a set of rules that restrict the angle of the camera generated by the sentence, and then examines the different English sentences, these sentences must rely on the above rules to explain the reasons for its establishment or not. We will also explain (i) that Japanese can use a variety of grammatical means to explicitly specify the camera point of view used by the speaker in constructing the sentence, and (ii) that Japanese must use such means under certain conditions. This article concludes with a discussion of the cross-language features of the camera-angle principle, although these principles may differ from language to language when used in syntax.