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儒学就其原生结构来讲,是一个普世主义的体系。但近代以来儒学的普世论立场逐渐丧失,形成了儒学特殊主义的论述。特殊主义的儒学受到两种力量的直接推动,一是中国处于国际竞争的弱势状态,儒学要为这一处境脱困;二是西学对儒学所处的观念优势,使得儒学陷入观念自辩的窘境。加上儒学中人以抵抗现代西学为职志,西方学者以理解的心态为儒学做特殊主义的解释,使儒学的特殊主义逐渐定型并被人们普遍接受。但特殊主义儒学对于儒学的现代转进发挥着消极影响。普世主义的儒学保持自己古典形态的儒学特质,它是一种完备性的道德—哲学体系,但这一体系在理论上与其他完备的宗教、道德与哲学学说和平地进行理论竞争与平等对话;在实践上支持自身蕴含的民权理念的自我实现,维护现代基本政体,从而促成儒学支持而不是反对中国的现代转型。
As far as its native structure is concerned, Confucianism is an universalist system. However, since the modern era Confucianism universalist position gradually lost, the formation of a special Confucianism exposition. The specialism of Confucianism is directly driven by two forces. One is that China is in a weak state of international competition, and Confucianism should be detached from the situation. The other is that Western learning has the superiority of Confucianism and makes Confucianism fall into the trap of concept self-defense. Coupled with Confucianism in order to resist the modern West as a sign of duty, Western scholars to understand the mentality of Confucianism to do special interpretation, the specialization of Confucianism gradually stereotypes and is generally accepted. However, the specialist Confucianism played a negative influence on the modern transition of Confucianism. It is a complete moral-philosophical system. However, this system theoretically competes and equitably holds theory with other complete religions, moral and philosophical theories in a peaceful manner ; In practice, it supports self-realization of the concept of civil rights that it contains and upholds modern basic government so as to promote Confucianism instead of opposing the modern transformation of China.