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同行评议起源于专利制度,在基金申请项目评审、成果鉴定等方面有广泛应用。其不完善性和越轨越来越受到重视。在基金申请项目评审时,越轨表现在四个方面:剽窃、无意识的越轨、因权重不当产生的越轨和因私人感情产生的越轨。成果鉴定中同行评议的越轨主要表现在五个方面:专家提名与优选中的越轨;鉴定中的马太效应;同行专家少,行政人员多;鉴定结论的“自评”;有意抬高成果水平。文章对如何控制或防止越轨行为还提出了建议,包括增强社会控制、提倡科学道德等。
Peer review originated in the patent system, in the fund application project review, the results of appraisal has a wide range of applications. Its imperfections and deviations are getting more and more attention. In applying for the project review fund, the performance of the deviations in four areas: plagiarism, unconscious deviant, due to improper weight arising from the deviance and personal feelings arising from the deviant. Outcomes of peer review in performance appraisal are mainly manifested in five aspects: the deviance in nomination and selection of experts; the Matthew effect in appraisal; few peer experts and many administrative staff; the “self-assessment” of appraisal conclusion; the intention to raise the level of achievement . The article also puts forward suggestions on how to control or prevent derailment, including strengthening social control and promoting scientific ethics.