当我们打开冰箱,看着剩下的食物而思量着如何将它们“搭配”做出一顿饭的时候,我们所进行的是一种智慧的行为方式。哪怕是最聪明的猩猩,也无法做到这一点,因为我们人类是有创造性的。这样一种不断创造出新鲜玩意儿,或者是利用现有的东西相互组合的能力,正是专家学者们眼中智慧最重要的标志。美国神经生理学家和著名的专业书籍作者威廉·H·卡尔文对此深信不疑。在《大脑是如何思考的》一书中,卡尔文彻底地研究了人类的精神活动,他依据的是对心理学进行的智力调查和有关人种学、生物进化学、语言学及神经科学的知识。卡尔文得出的结论是:我们的大脑如同生命本身一样,经历了一个从最初简单形式到现在复杂多样的进化过程,而不同的神经元件在此过程中扮演着相当重要的角色;只有那些大脑中神经元非常有效地相互连接的入,才可能是真正的智者。作为自己论点的一个例证,卡尔文提出了“创造性智慧”的概念。专门从事智慧与创造性研究的教育学教授霍华德·加德纳,更是将这种“创造性智慧”精确地划分为4种形式,即创造性的技能、创造性的革新、创造性的自我反省以及创 When we open the refrigerator, look at the rest of the food and think about how to make a meal with them, we are acting wisely. Even the smartest orangutan can not do this because we humans are creative. Such an ability to constantly create new ideas, or to combine existing things with one another, is the single most important sign of wisdom in the eyes of experts and scholars. William H. Calvin, American neurophysiologist and author of the famous book of expertise, is convinced. In “How the Brain Thinks,” Calvin thoroughly studied human mental activity based on intellectual investigations of psychology and about ethnographic, biological evolutionary, linguistic and neuroscientific know how. Calvin concluded that our brain, like life itself, has undergone a complex and diverse evolution from its simple form to the present, and different neuronal components play a significant role in this process; only those brains In neurons very effectively connected to each other, it may be true wise. As an example of his argument, Calvin proposed the notion of “creative intelligence.” Howard Gardner, a professor of education specializing in intellectual and creative research, more precisely divides this “creative intelligence” into four forms: creative skills, creative innovation, creative self-examination, and creativeness