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学术界对于拉丁美洲的民粹主义这一概念的理解大体上可分为两大类。一类是将其看作一种与进口替代工业化和凯恩斯主义直接相关的经济模式或经济政策,以推动工业化、政府干预、扩张性的财政政策、注重收入分配等为特征;另一类是从政治角度出发,将其理解为一种意识形态、政治策略、政治话语、政治逻辑、政治风格等,各有侧重。拉丁美洲的民粹主义起源于对19世纪晚期大都市革命的威权本质的反抗,同时在文化传统上受到克劳泽主义的影响。政党体系和公民社会不发达的政治体制、极度的收入分配不均和频繁发生的经济危机为拉美民粹主义培育了土壤,使民粹主义在拉美历史上几度兴衰,呈现出强大的历史韧性。民粹主义既包含有利于民主的因素,如揭露现代西方代议制民主制度的弊端,以人民主权的名义扩大政治包容和参与,也包含不利于民主的因素,如权力过度集中于领袖,忽视民主程序和社会多元化,具有一定的政治排斥性等。这种矛盾体现了自由主义的民主传统与民粹主义的民主传统之间的内在紧张性。
Academics’ understanding of the concept of populism in Latin America can be broadly divided into two broad categories. One is to view it as an economic model or economic policy that is directly related to import substitution and Keynesianism, with the features of promoting industrialization, government intervention, expansionary fiscal policy, focusing on income distribution, etc. The other is from From a political perspective, it is understood as an ideology, political tactics, political discourse, political logic, political style, etc., each with its own focus. Latin American populism originated in the revolt against the authoritarian nature of the metropolitan revolution of the late nineteenth century and at the same time was influenced by the Krauze doctrine in the cultural tradition. The underdeveloped political system of political parties and civil society, extreme income inequality and frequent economic crises have fostered the soil for Latin American populism, allowing populism to rise and fall several times in the history of Latin America and demonstrate strong historical resilience. Populism includes not only the factors conducive to democracy, such as exposing the drawbacks of the modern democratic system of representative representation in the West, expanding political tolerance and participation in the name of popular sovereignty, but also the unfavorable factors of democracy such as excessive concentration of power over leaders and neglect of democratic procedures and Social diversity, with some political exclusion. This contradiction reflects the inherent tensions between the liberal democratic tradition and the populist democratic tradition.