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目的分析船舶工业企业噪声危害特性、分布、危害程度和劳动者听力损失情况,为企业开展噪声治理及指导劳动者进行听力保护提供科学依据。方法选取3家规模以上船舶工业企业,采用与技术人员和职业卫生管理人员座谈的方式,了解生产工艺和基本情况,并对作业场所开展现场调查和个体噪声暴露剂量检测、频谱分析,对主要接触噪声的岗位工人进行纯音听力测试。结果船舶工业企业接噪岗位多,在检测的17个岗位中,除轮机检验工外,其余岗位个体噪声暴露剂量均超过85 d B(A),其中打磨工和冲砂工最为严重,其个体噪声暴露剂量达100 d B(A)左右,类型主要是高频噪声;主要接噪岗位工人的听力损失比例较高,达26.96%,其中打磨工和冲砂工的听力异常比例分别达37.88%和38.42%,且随着接噪工龄的增加,听力异常者比例不断增加,呈现明显的剂量-反应关系。结论船舶工业企业的噪声危害分布广、程度重,应及时采取工程控制措施和听力保护措施。
Objective To analyze the characteristics, distribution, harmfulness and hearing loss of workers in shipbuilding industry, and provide a scientific basis for enterprises to carry out noise management and guide workers in hearing protection. Methods Three shipbuilding enterprises above designated size were selected to discuss the production process and the basic situation by means of discussions with technicians and occupational health managers. Site surveys and individual noise exposure dose testing and spectrum analysis were also conducted on the work sites. The main contacts Noise workers post pure tone audiometry. As a result, there were many noise receiving jobs in the shipbuilding enterprises. Except for the engine inspectors, the individual noise exposure doses of the remaining posts exceeded 85 d B (A), of which the polisher and the scouring workers were the most serious. Among the 17 tested positions, The noise exposure dose was about 100 d B (A), and the type was mainly high-frequency noise. The proportion of hearing loss of workers receiving noise was higher, reaching 26.96%, among which the proportion of hearing-impaired workers and punching workers was 37.88% And 38.42%, respectively, and with the increase of the length of noise exposure, the proportion of hearing-impaired patients increased continuously with obvious dose-response relationship. Conclusion The noise hazards of shipbuilding enterprises are widely distributed and heavy, so engineering control measures and hearing protection measures should be promptly taken.