徐世昌(1855—1939)字卜五,号菊人,又号水竹邨人、弢斋主人,别号东海居士,原籍天津。他在清末民初政坛上和社会变革中一直扮演重要角色,被称为“相国”,当选为大总统,治绩昭然。 笔者断难苟同已往论著全盘否定、一骂到底之见,认为徐氏是近代不可多得的全才,对中国近代社会的政治、军事、经济、文化、外交诸方面近代化进程均起了积极推动作用。本文拟就徐氏与东北近代化的关系略述管见,求教于研究者。 一、设立行省建署 改革政治体制 1905年日俄帝国主义之间的战争在中国境内辽宁进行,不仅对辽省人民,而且对吉、黑两省人民的民族觉醒起了相当大的刺激作用。日俄战后,东三省满目疮痍。日俄瓜分南北,互相峙立;土匪猖獗,形势日危。社会的民族矛盾和阶级矛盾进一步激化。 按清朝旧政治体制,东北三省循例设盛京、吉林、黑龙江将军,使彼此阻隔,所以难收治理之效果。 1906年8月,包括徐世昌在内的清政府考察宪政大臣回国,奏请立宪。9月,清廷发布上谕,仿行宪政,首先改革官制。年底,徐世昌奉命偕载振赴东三省考察政治,抓住机遇,上《密陈通筹东三省全局折》,竭力主张把东三省的将军制改为行省制,设总督一员,举三省全 Xu Shichang (1855-1939) word BU five, number of chrysanthemums, but also water bamboo village, Tao Zhai master, alias East China Sea lay, origin Tianjin. He has played an important role in the political arena at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China and in the social transformation. He was called “the phase country” and was elected as the president with clear achievements. I find it difficult to disagree with the previous treatises on the one-sided rejection and the one-curse conclusion. He believes that Tsui is a rare and comprehensive talent in modern times and has played a positive role in the modernization of the political, military, economic, cultural and diplomatic fields in the modern Chinese society Promote the role. This article intends to talk about Xu’s relationship with the modernization of northeast China and to seek advice from researchers. I. Establishing a Province-Constructing Department and Reforming the Political System In 1905, the war between Japan and Russia on imperialism took place in Liaoning Province in China. It not only played a considerable stimulating role not only for the people of Liaoning Province but also for the national awakening of the people of Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyzstan . After the Russo-Japanese War, the three northeastern provinces devastated. Japan and Russia divide north and south, stand each other; bandits rampant, the situation is in jeopardy. The national and ethnic conflicts and social conflicts have intensified further. According to the old political system in the Qing Dynasty, the northeastern provinces followed the example of Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang, blocking each other, so it was hard to put the effect of treatment. In August 1906, the Qing government, including Xu Shichang, inspected the Minister of Constitutional Affairs and returned to China to solicit constitutional order. In September, the Qing government issued a letter, imitating the constitutional government and, above all, reforming the official system. At the end of the year, Xu Shichang was ordered to carry out a study tour to the three northeastern provinces to seize political opportunities. He seized the opportunity to “make Chen-Tong pass the overall plan for the three provinces in east China” and vigorously advocated changing the general system of the three northeastern provinces into a provincial system.