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如果民主的本质属性所包括的价值不只是简单的多数选择,那么党内民主可能会推进还是阻碍其他那些价值呢?吉迪恩·拉汉特、瑞文·哈让和理查德·卡茨三位学者在对以色列的选举进行实证研究的基础上发现,广泛的参与、竞争性和代表性这三种民主的价值不可能同时被最大化。相反,这些价值之间也许是非线性的关系,甚至是负相关的关系。具体而言,内部最民主的政党会产生最不具有代表性的候选人名单,而且所经历的只是中等程度的竞争。
If the essential attribute of democracy includes more than the simple majority of choices, then may inner-party democracy advance or hinder other values? Gideon Rahat, Raven Hajarat and Richard Katz Based on an empirical study of Israel’s elections, the three scholars found that the value of the three types of democracy, including extensive participation, competitiveness and representation, can not be maximized at the same time. On the contrary, these values may be non-linear or even negatively related. Specifically, the most internally democratic party produces the most unrepresentative list of candidates, and it has only experienced moderate competition.