规范性是人类生活的一个普遍现象,而行动理由是规范性的典型体现。威廉姆斯相信通过对理由概念的说明可以达到对规范性的本质理解。他以内在理由概念阐明规范性现象是如何借助于人们的行动表现出来的。通常有学者把威廉姆斯的内在理由概念理解为一种休谟式的观点,事实上,通过一种康德式的认知主义解读,在真值满足的条件下和规范性的辩护性意义上,内在理由充分地展示行动理由的规范性。威廉姆斯反对规范性的伦理,但他提倡个人行动的规范性。从内在理由概念出发,他提出了基于第一人称视角反思伦理生活复杂性的深刻洞见。 Normative is a common phenomenon in human life, and the reason for action is typical of normative expression. Williams believes that by understanding the notion of rationality, the essential understanding of normativity can be reached. He shows how the normative phenomenon is manifested with the help of people’s actions based on the concept of internal reasons. In fact, through a Kantian cognitive interpretation, under the condition of truthful satisfaction and normative defense, some scholars usually understand the concept of Williams’ intrinsic reason as a Hume’s viewpoint. In fact, Internal reasons fully demonstrate the normative nature of the action. Williams opposes normative ethics, but he advocates the normativeness of individual actions. Starting from the concept of internal reasons, he proposed a profound insight into the complexity of ethical life based on first-person perspective.