现代管理已不仅仅是一门科学,还是一门艺术。我们在分析和处理管理问题时,不仅要看到“硬件”方面,还要看到“软件”方而,必须树立如下三个基本观点:第一,系统的观点。也就是将管理体系视作一个完整的开放系统,不但要看到此系统中各层次与外界环境间的交流与制约作用,而且要看到组成此系统之各层次的子系统及 Modern management is not only a science, but also an art. When analyzing and handling management issues, we must not only see “hardware” but also “software,” but we must set forth three basic views as follows: First, a systematic view. That is, the management system as a complete open system, not only to see the various levels of the system and the environment outside the exchange and control, but also to see the composition of the system at all levels of subsystems and