一场认知革命重新在科学界激起了对于人类和动物思考的兴趣。心理学家和人类学家开始认识到,内心的认知活动像学习和记忆、解题、建立概念、期望、倾向和作出决定等都对动物行为产生重要影响。这一点以及在电子计算机上对多种类型的人类思考的模拟,已经取代了行为主义的观点:认为只有可观察的行为才是值得研究的。但是,“所有动物的认知都是无意识的”这样一个暗含的假设,作为行为主义的一个主要方面,仍牢固地确立着。难以置信,所有动物都像“夜游者”那样无意识地渡过它们的一生。关于有意识的信息加工和无意识的信息加工过程之间可能存在的区别,我们所知甚少。对于哪些神经活动导致作出在各种可能采取的行动中 A cognitive revolution has once again aroused the interest of human and animal thinking in the scientific community. Psychologists and anthropologists are beginning to realize that cognitive activities such as learning and memory, problem solving, establishing concepts, expectations, tendencies and making decisions all have a major impact on animal behavior. This, together with the simulation of many types of human thought on electronic computers, has replaced the notion of behaviorism: that only observable behavior is worth studying. However, the implicit assumption that “all animal cognitions are unconscious” is still firmly established as a major aspect of behaviorism. Incredibly, all animals spend their lives unconsciously as “Nightmares.” We know little about the possible differences between conscious information processing and unconscious information processing. For which nerve activities lead to make in various possible actions