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同义词是英语中常见的语言现象之一。这些同义词易被混淆,干扰性强,这就致使不少同学在运用时因辨别不清、把握不当而出错。对此,笔者归纳了几组易混同义词,以期同学们能够认真辨析,透彻理解,把握本质,从而避免错用词汇。
易混同义词之一:spend, cost, take, pay
在英语中,spend, cost, take, pay这四个单词均有“花费”的意思,但其用法有所区别。具体体现在:
(1)spend,主要指“花费时间、金钱或精力”,主语不能为“物或事”,只能为“人” ,常用结构是:sb spend money/time on sth./(in )doing sth.如: She would pinch on food in order to spend on clothing(她过去常把伙食费省下来买衣服); The more time you spend in learning, the better you will be. (你花在学习上的时间越多,你就会越好。)
(2)cost,主要指“花费金钱”,主语为“物或事”。常用句型是:sth. cost sb. money.如: The new car cost me a lot of money(新汽车花费了我许多钱); This dress looks beautiful on you. How much is it?——It cost me more than a thousand yuan.(这条连衣裙穿在你身上很漂亮,你花了多钱少)——它花了我一千多元。)
(3)take,主要指“花费时间”,主语往往为形式主语it.如:常用固定搭配是:It takes sb. time to do sth.如:It will take me too much time to read this book.(读这本书花费了我太多时间);It takes half an hour to go on foot from my home to my school. (從我家到学校来回要走半小时。)
(4)pay,主要指“花费金钱”,表示“支付”,主语为“人”,常与介词for连用,构成固定结构:sb. pay money for sth.如:She paid 20 yuan for the book yesterday(她昨天花了20元买了这本书);Can you guarantee me a job when I get there? You know, I have to work in order to pay for my schooling. (我到那儿后你能保证给我一份工作吗?你知道,我必须工作才能支付学费。)
易混同义词之二:destroy, damage, ruin, harm
destroy, damage, ruin, harm这四个单词含义相同,均可以作“损坏、破坏、损害”解释,然而其用法却大相径庭。具体则是:
(1)destroy, 作动词,强调具有杀伤力或毁灭性的损坏,毁坏彻底,程度严重,往往难以修复。如:The fire caused by the dry climate, which proved later the strongest one in the area, spread quickly, and destroyed the forest.(干旱气候引起的火灾,后来被证明是该地区最强的火灾,蔓延迅速,摧毁了森林。)
(2)damage,可以作名词,也可以作动词,强调局部损坏,破坏程度较轻,经修复后仍可以使用,多指某物经损坏后使用价值、功能、效率降低。如:I ran into the back of a truck yesterday and damaged my car badly.(我昨天撞上一辆卡车的后座,把我的车严重损坏。)
(3)ruin,作名词,意为“破产、废墟、瓦解”;作动词,意为“使损坏、使崩溃,使没落、使破产”,主要指因天气、年龄、疏忽、灾害等损害了物体原本完整的结构、或人健全的心理、财产地位等,破坏严重,但并不是完全毁坏,而是长期损坏的结果。如:The farmers say recent inflation has driven
them to the brink of ruin.(农民们说最近的通货膨胀使他们濒临破产。)
(4)harm,可以作名词,也可以作动词,强调名声、身心健康的伤害或损害。如: Don't worry, we'll see that the children come to no harm(别担心,我们会确保孩子不会受到伤害的);Smoking a lot of cigarettes can
harm and even kill over a long period of time.(长期大量吸烟会危害身体健康,甚至导致死亡。)
易混同义词之三: reject, refuse, decline, turn down
reject, refuse, decline, turn down 均有“拒绝”的含义,但用法迥异。具体如下: (1)reject,正式用语,强调“以否定、反对的态度当面拒绝”,多指拒绝或驳回论点、要求、看法、申请、提议等,或因不符合规定标准而遭到拒绝等,语气较强, 主语可以是人或物,其后往往接名词,不能跟动词不定式。如:The court rejected the prisoner’s appeal for a new trial(法院驳回了犯人要求重新开庭的上诉);He was rejected for the job vacancy because he couldn’t be punctual even for the interview. (他沒有被这个工作岗位录取,因为他连面试都不能准时。)
(2)refuse, 一般用语,强调“毫不犹豫、直截了当地拒绝”,多指果断拒绝邀请、建议、合作等,语气弱于reject,主语为人,其后可以接名词或动词不定式。如:She prelisted in doing his own way and refused to listen to any advice.(她总是一意孤行,拒绝听任何建议。)
(3)decline,正式用语,强调“礼貌委婉地拒绝”,多指婉拒“邀请、请求、帮助”等,主语为人,语气较轻,其后可以接名词,也可以接动词不定式。如:Though the road covered with snow was very smooth, the old woman smilingly declined to be helped by others across the road.(虽然路上积雪覆盖,路面湿滑,但这位老妇人仍微笑着谢绝了其他过路人的帮助。)
(4)turn down,口语用语,多指拒绝“劝告、请求、提议”等,语气较轻。如:
If I turn down your offer, would you feel disappointed?(如果我拒绝了你的提议,你会感到失望吗?)
总之,在平时的学习中,同学们要注意加强词汇积累,尤其对于同义词,同学们要予以归纳整理,辨清词义和用法,从而提高英语语用能力。
(作者单位:江苏省盐城市建湖县第一中学)
易混同义词之一:spend, cost, take, pay
在英语中,spend, cost, take, pay这四个单词均有“花费”的意思,但其用法有所区别。具体体现在:
(1)spend,主要指“花费时间、金钱或精力”,主语不能为“物或事”,只能为“人” ,常用结构是:sb spend money/time on sth./(in )doing sth.如: She would pinch on food in order to spend on clothing(她过去常把伙食费省下来买衣服); The more time you spend in learning, the better you will be. (你花在学习上的时间越多,你就会越好。)
(2)cost,主要指“花费金钱”,主语为“物或事”。常用句型是:sth. cost sb. money.如: The new car cost me a lot of money(新汽车花费了我许多钱); This dress looks beautiful on you. How much is it?——It cost me more than a thousand yuan.(这条连衣裙穿在你身上很漂亮,你花了多钱少)——它花了我一千多元。)
(3)take,主要指“花费时间”,主语往往为形式主语it.如:常用固定搭配是:It takes sb. time to do sth.如:It will take me too much time to read this book.(读这本书花费了我太多时间);It takes half an hour to go on foot from my home to my school. (從我家到学校来回要走半小时。)
(4)pay,主要指“花费金钱”,表示“支付”,主语为“人”,常与介词for连用,构成固定结构:sb. pay money for sth.如:She paid 20 yuan for the book yesterday(她昨天花了20元买了这本书);Can you guarantee me a job when I get there? You know, I have to work in order to pay for my schooling. (我到那儿后你能保证给我一份工作吗?你知道,我必须工作才能支付学费。)
易混同义词之二:destroy, damage, ruin, harm
destroy, damage, ruin, harm这四个单词含义相同,均可以作“损坏、破坏、损害”解释,然而其用法却大相径庭。具体则是:
(1)destroy, 作动词,强调具有杀伤力或毁灭性的损坏,毁坏彻底,程度严重,往往难以修复。如:The fire caused by the dry climate, which proved later the strongest one in the area, spread quickly, and destroyed the forest.(干旱气候引起的火灾,后来被证明是该地区最强的火灾,蔓延迅速,摧毁了森林。)
(2)damage,可以作名词,也可以作动词,强调局部损坏,破坏程度较轻,经修复后仍可以使用,多指某物经损坏后使用价值、功能、效率降低。如:I ran into the back of a truck yesterday and damaged my car badly.(我昨天撞上一辆卡车的后座,把我的车严重损坏。)
(3)ruin,作名词,意为“破产、废墟、瓦解”;作动词,意为“使损坏、使崩溃,使没落、使破产”,主要指因天气、年龄、疏忽、灾害等损害了物体原本完整的结构、或人健全的心理、财产地位等,破坏严重,但并不是完全毁坏,而是长期损坏的结果。如:The farmers say recent inflation has driven
them to the brink of ruin.(农民们说最近的通货膨胀使他们濒临破产。)
(4)harm,可以作名词,也可以作动词,强调名声、身心健康的伤害或损害。如: Don't worry, we'll see that the children come to no harm(别担心,我们会确保孩子不会受到伤害的);Smoking a lot of cigarettes can
harm and even kill over a long period of time.(长期大量吸烟会危害身体健康,甚至导致死亡。)
易混同义词之三: reject, refuse, decline, turn down
reject, refuse, decline, turn down 均有“拒绝”的含义,但用法迥异。具体如下: (1)reject,正式用语,强调“以否定、反对的态度当面拒绝”,多指拒绝或驳回论点、要求、看法、申请、提议等,或因不符合规定标准而遭到拒绝等,语气较强, 主语可以是人或物,其后往往接名词,不能跟动词不定式。如:The court rejected the prisoner’s appeal for a new trial(法院驳回了犯人要求重新开庭的上诉);He was rejected for the job vacancy because he couldn’t be punctual even for the interview. (他沒有被这个工作岗位录取,因为他连面试都不能准时。)
(2)refuse, 一般用语,强调“毫不犹豫、直截了当地拒绝”,多指果断拒绝邀请、建议、合作等,语气弱于reject,主语为人,其后可以接名词或动词不定式。如:She prelisted in doing his own way and refused to listen to any advice.(她总是一意孤行,拒绝听任何建议。)
(3)decline,正式用语,强调“礼貌委婉地拒绝”,多指婉拒“邀请、请求、帮助”等,主语为人,语气较轻,其后可以接名词,也可以接动词不定式。如:Though the road covered with snow was very smooth, the old woman smilingly declined to be helped by others across the road.(虽然路上积雪覆盖,路面湿滑,但这位老妇人仍微笑着谢绝了其他过路人的帮助。)
(4)turn down,口语用语,多指拒绝“劝告、请求、提议”等,语气较轻。如:
If I turn down your offer, would you feel disappointed?(如果我拒绝了你的提议,你会感到失望吗?)
总之,在平时的学习中,同学们要注意加强词汇积累,尤其对于同义词,同学们要予以归纳整理,辨清词义和用法,从而提高英语语用能力。
(作者单位:江苏省盐城市建湖县第一中学)