Planktonic Oikopleura dioica respond almost instantly to opportunistic algal blooms, but it is unknown whether the population increase can change from an exponential to a logistic model to avoid a final sudden collapse. To test the hypothesis that intraspecific competition regulates the intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r ), density-dependent effects on growth and reproduction performance were investigated in O . dioica via laboratory incubations. Over a large food concentration range, batch maturation was observed above the per capita food supply (PFS) of 8.1 μg C/ind. in 4.5 d. Somatic growth was saturated beyond this PFS value, whereas gonad length increased continuously. Below this threshold, individuals reached small body and gonad lengths, and maturation was rarely observed during the incubation period. The gonad/body volume and maturation ratios also increased with the PFS. Instead of the food concentration, the r values were regulated by competition pressure via variability in maturation duration and the proportion of mature individuals in the cohorts. When the minimum food demand was satisfied in the designated generation time, the r value tended to be regulated by the spawning proportion in the population. Otherwise, prolonged development duration and decreased r values were expected.