水稻单产水平在经历了矮化育种和杂种优势利用两次大的飞跃后 ,已有相当长一段时间停滞不前。第三次产量突破将产生于理想株型与优势利用相结合的超高产育种。研究结果表明 ,增加生物产量是获得超高产的物质基础 ,优化产量结构是实现超高产的先决条件 ,利用籼粳稻亚种间杂交或地理远缘杂交创造新株型和强优势 ,再通过复交或回交优化性状组配是选育超高产品种的有效途径。根据这一理论与方法 ,中国北方已经创造出新株型优异种质 ,并育成了直立大穗型超高产粳稻新品种 ,在北方寒地稻作生态区产量已达到 12～ 13t· ha-1。这些品种的最大特点是直立或半直立大穗型 ,生物产量高。从光合作用与物质生产角度看 ,直立大穗型的出现很可能是粳稻继矮化育种之后适应超高产要求而发生的又一次株型变化 Rice yields have stagnated for quite some time after undergoing two major leaps in dwarf breeding and heterosis utilization. The third breakthrough in yield will result from the combination of the ideal plant type with the superior utilization of super-high-yielding breeding. The results show that increasing the biomass yield is the material basis for obtaining super high yield. Optimizing the yield structure is the prerequisite for achieving high yield. The new plant type and strong advantage can be created by crossing between indica and japonica subspecies or geographic distant hybridization. It is an effective way to breed super high-yielding varieties by cross-optimizing traits. According to this theory and method, northern China has created a new plant type of excellent germplasm and bred new varieties of erect large panicle super-high-yielding japonica rice in the northern cold paddy ecological zone has reached 12 ~ 13t · ha-1. The most prominent feature of these varieties is erect or semi-erect big panicle, high biological yield. From the perspective of photosynthesis and material production, the emergence of a large upright panicle is likely to be another plant type change in japonica rice following dwarf breeding following the requirement of super high yield