中日甲午战争失败后 ,1895 - 1898年 ,清政府进行了以“因时制宜”上谕所涉内容为核心的改革 ,这次改革既非“洋务运动”的简单延续 ,也不能看做是戊戌“百日维新”的序幕。由于清政府在“变法”问题上形成了某种共识 ,因而这次改革涉及许多方面 ,其达到的深度也是前所未见的 ,而且大部分得到或多或少的执行。也正因为如此 ,改革使清政府体制中一系列问题更加明显地暴露出来。无论对哪一派的改革者而言 ,这些问题都是他们推进改革时必须解决的 After the failure of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government carried out a reform centered on the contents of “adopting the due time”. This reform is neither a simple continuation of the “Westernization Movement” nor a It is the prelude to Hundred Days Reform in 1898. As the Qing government formed a consensus on the issue of “reforming the law,” the reform involved many aspects. The depth reached was unprecedented and most of them were implemented more or less. Precisely because of this, the reform has exposed a series of issues in the Qing government system more clearly. Regardless of the faction’s reformers, these issues are all they must deal with when they push forward the reform