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本研究基于张瑞敏个案的社会化过程,探索了领导特质的类型及其形成与关系。研究结果表明,社会化过程中,领导特质表现为四种类型,即根源型、驱动型、思维型和事务型。根源型特质带有强烈的价值判断,积淀并固化于领导者的潜意识中,具有强烈的稳定性,是领导特质的核心层及领导者成长的根本依赖。驱动型特质是不带有价值性判断的领导者自身的主观行为特征,是形成其他领导特质的动力基础。思维性特质是领导者思维意识层面的特质,体现于对待事务时的思维模式。事务型领导特质是领导者对待事务时所呈现的特质,这种特质会依据思维特质的作用而有选择地呈现于领导行为。根源型特质与驱动型特质基于关键事件冲击后领导者的感悟而形成,两者相互激发与固化,并基于关键事件、文化、家庭及教育等因素共同衍生出思维型特质及事务型特质。思维型特质是事务型特质呈现于领导行为的前提,决定了领导者面临一定情况时的事务性特质的呈现选择。根源型特质和驱动型特质共同决定了领导者的成长方向和效率,是区别领导者与非领导者的关键。思维型特质和事务型特质共同决定了领导者的行为方式和有效性,是区别有效领导者与无效领导者的关键。本研究结论不仅能够在领导特质的分类、形成、关系、整体作用、特质激活理论等方面推动领导特质理论的发展,并能为现实中企业领导者的培养和发展提供有效的启发。
Based on the socialization process of Zhang Ruimin’s case, this study explores the types of leadership traits and their formation and relationship. The results show that in the process of socialization, there are four types of leadership traits, that is, root type, driving type, thinking type and transaction type. Rooted traits with strong value judgments, accumulated and solidified in the leader’s subconsciousness, with strong stability, is the core of leadership qualities and the fundamental dependence of the leader’s growth. The driving trait is a leader’s own subjective behavior without judgmental value and is the driving force behind the formation of other leadership traits. The characteristic of thinking is the character of leader’s level of consciousness, which is reflected in the mode of thinking when dealing with affairs. Transactional leadership qualities are the qualities that leaders present to their affairs, and this trait is selectively presented in leadership behavior based on the role of thinking traits. Root-type traits and driving traits are shaped by the perceptions of leaders after the impact of critical incidents. They inspire and solidify each other and derive both thinking and transactional traits based on key events, culture, family and education. The thinking type is the premise of the transactional trait presented in the leadership behavior, which determines the presentation and selection of the transactional traits when the leader faces certain situations. Root-type traits and driving traits together determine the direction and efficiency of the leader is the key difference between leaders and non-leaders. The combination of thinking and transactional qualities together determines the way and effectiveness of the leader and is the key to differentiating between effective and ineffective leaders. The conclusions of this study can not only promote the development of the theory of leadership qualities in terms of the classification, formation, relationship, overall function and trait activation theory of leadership qualities, but also provide effective inspiration for the training and development of leaders in the real world.