过去引起新生儿死亡的主要原因是新生儿肺炎、腹泻等感染性疾病,近年随着卫生状况和医疗保健水平的提高,婴儿死亡率呈下降趋势,而出生缺陷造成的胎儿和婴儿死亡比例在逐渐增加,使得出生缺陷问题日益突出,已成为婴儿死亡、儿童残疾的主要原因之一。出生缺陷的预防包括病因学、诊断学及治疗性的预防,研究结果表明,诊断学及治疗性的预防措施投入高收效低,而病因学的预防是一个低成本高效益的预防措施。 In the past, neonatal deaths were mainly caused by infectious diseases such as neonatal pneumonia and diarrhea. In recent years, with the improvement of health conditions and medical care, the infant mortality rate has been on the decline. The proportion of fetal and infant deaths caused by birth defects is gradually decreasing The problem of birth defects has become increasingly prominent, which has become one of the major causes of infant death and child disability. Prevention of birth defects includes etiology, diagnostics and therapeutic prophylaxis. The findings show that diagnostic and therapeutic prophylaxis is devoted to low-benefit, and etiological prevention is a cost-effective and preventative measure.