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在经济学上,用以描述市场失败的例子中,有好几个都是如诗如画,令人难以忘记的。久而久之,这些例子就成为了某种经济问题的象征,行内任何人都是一提便知。庇古(A．C．Pigou)的大地如茵的禾田例子,令人向往；但很不幸火车要在田间经过,使火花飞到稻穗上,造成损害。因为火车的使用者没有给种稻的人予以补偿,所以社会的耗费(包括稻米的损害),是没有全部算在火车成本之内。在这种情况下,庇古认为政府是应该干预的。关于庇古对社会耗费的分析,科斯(R．H．Coase)在1960年曾力斥其非——其后就有了足以万世留芳的科斯定律。科斯的两位好朋友,史德拉(G．J．Stigler)和艾智
In economics, many of the examples used to describe market failures are picturesque and unforgettable. As time passes, these examples become symbols of some sort of economic problem, and anyone in the business knows everything about it. The example of A.C. Pigou’s Hetian, a land of earth, is desirable. Unfortunately, trains pass through the fields, causing sparks to fly over the ears of rice, causing damage. Since the users of trains do not compensate the people who planted rice, the consumption of society (including the damage of rice) is not counted entirely within the cost of trains. In this case, Pigou believes that the government should intervene. With regard to Pigou’s analysis of social costs, R.H.Coase had repudiated his egoconsses in 1960 - and thereafter had enough of Coase’s law to remain legendary. Coase’s two good friends, G.J.Stigler and Ai Zhi