葛兰西“历史总体”概念,是为了批判本世纪初国际共产主义运动中的“庸俗进化论”、“经济决定论”和“机械唯物论”倾向,正确解决经济基础与上层建筑之间的关系问题而提出来的。本世纪初,由于害怕马克思主义与工人运动的进一步结合和取得更大胜利,各种资产阶级哲学加紧进攻马克思主义。尤其是实证主义和新康德主义,它们伪装 Gramsci’s concept of “history as a whole” is intended to criticize the tendency of “vulgar evolutionism”, “determinism” and “materialism in mechanics” in the international communist movement at the beginning of this century and to correctly solve the relationship between economic base and superstructure Problems raised. At the beginning of this century, various bourgeois philosophies stepped up their attack on Marxism due to their fear of further union and greater victory of Marxism and the workers’ movement. In particular, positivism and neo-Kantianism, they pretend