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Objective:The influence of olomoucine on microglial proliferation with associated inflammatory response after spinal cord injury has been determined.Methods:Microglial proliferation and neuronal apoptosis were observed by immunofluorescence.Level of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression in the injured cord was determined by Western blot analysis.Results:the cell cycle inhibitor olomoucine,administered at 1 h post injury,significantly suppressed microglial proliferation and produced a remarkable reduction of tissue edema formation.In the olomoucine-treated group,a significant reduction of activated and/or proliferated microglial induced IL-1β expression was observed 24 h after SCI.Moreover,olomoucine evidently attenuated the number of apoptotic neurons after SCI.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that modulation of microglial proliferation with associated proinflammatory cytokine expression may be a mechanism of cell cycle inhibition-mediated neuroprotections in the CNS trauma.