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就如何认定信息自由法上“行政机关”这一问题《,联邦行政程序法》时代的法院运用了“实质独立的权力”标准并在其后对其进行了发展,可归纳为“功能等同”认定标准。随着1974年《联邦信息自由法》的修改,“广泛的、具体的和几乎日复一日的监督”逐渐成为主流标准并在之后案件中实现了发展,可归纳为“实质控制”认定标准。“功能等同”向“实质控制”的演化,反映出美国法院在信息自由法中“行政机关”的认定上司法态度的演化。
On the question of how to determine the “law of freedom” of information law, the courts in the age of the Federal Administrative Procedure Act have applied the standard of “substantive and independent power” and subsequently developed it into “Function is equivalent ” Accreditation standards. With the revision of the Federal Freedom of Information Act of 1974, the “broad, concrete and almost daily surveillance” has gradually become the mainstream standard and has been developed in subsequent cases, which can be summed up as “substantive control ”Accreditation standards. The evolution of “functional equivalence” to “substantial control” reflects the evolution of the judicial attitude of the U.S. courts in the recognition of “executive authorities” in the Freedom of Information Act.