本文将考察经济学数学形式主义的两大哲学基础——实证主义和布尔巴基主义,并运用批判实在论等科学哲学及方法论的新成果揭示其封闭系统观的本质和内在缺陷,进而说明基于封闭系统观的数学方法不仅在现实适用性方面存在严重局限,而且并不必然比非数学方法更为严格。经济学有必要摆脱实证主义等封闭系统观哲学的束缚,转向开放系统观和与之相应的方法多元主义。 This article examines the two major philosophical foundations of mathematical formalism in economics - positivism and Bourghism - and reveals the nature and inherent defects of the closed system view by using new achievements in philosophy of science and methodology such as critical realism, Mathematical methods of closed systems not only have serious limitations in practical applicability, but are not necessarily more strict than non-mathematical methods. It is necessary for economics to get rid of the shackles of the closed system view philosophy such as positivism and turn to the open system view and the corresponding methodological pluralism.