与明末相比,清初的传教士学习汉语的范围有所增大,教学机构有所增加,汉语研究的焦点由语音转到语法,出现了验收汉语学习水平的考试。他们学习的对象有官话也有方言,但是强调先学官话,更加重视口语,采用全汉语授课。他们编写了语法书作为教材,重视语用教学。 Compared with the late Ming dynasty, missionaries in Qing Dynasty increased the scope of Chinese learning, teaching institutions increased, the focus of Chinese studies shifted from phonetics to grammar, and examinations of acceptance of Chinese learning emerged. The objects of their study are both Mandarin and dialects, but their emphasis is on first learning Mandarin, more emphasis on spoken English, and full Chinese teaching. They wrote a grammar book as a textbook, focusing on pragmatic teaching.