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肿瘤疫苗用于肿瘤特异性免疫治疗,是肿瘤生物治疗的重要方法,加强和提高机体自身免疫功能与识别肿瘤抗原、避免肿瘤逃避免疫监视和提高杀伤肿瘤细胞与启动加强自身主动的生理免疫抗瘤能力,以达到减少癌变发生、消除手术残留癌灶、防止转移复发、提高肿瘤治愈率、延长存活期和提高生活质量的目的.是肿瘤综合治疗中不可替代的重要组成部分.肿瘤疫苗的发展与免疫学理论和分子生物学发展密切相关,通过近百年的探索,经历了由非特异性免疫治疗到特异性免疫治疗,由细胞水平到分子和基因水平的进展.直到80年代末期,肿瘤疫苗才出现了新概念的质的飞跃.目前研究的肿瘤疫苗主要有:(1)肿瘤细胞疫苗,是以自体肿瘤组织经过研磨、照射、药物灭活等方法处理,加佐剂后制成的瘤苗,在临床上已试用于多种实体瘤,产生一定疗效,但因科学性不高而受限.(2)肿瘤核酸疫苗,即DNA疫苗,是由携带编码抗原基因的真核表达质粒制成,直接输入组织细胞内,使之在体内表达相应抗原而诱导机体产生相应特异性免疫反应,特别是以特异性CIL为代表的保护性免疫应答.(3)肿瘤多肽疫苗,来自肿瘤特异性抗原、病毒相关抗原、癌基因或抑癌突变蛋白的多肽组成,共同的CTL识
Tumor vaccine is used for tumor-specific immunotherapy. It is an important method for tumor biotherapy. It strengthens and enhances the body’s autoimmune function and recognizes tumor antigens, prevents tumors from escaping immune surveillance and enhances killing of tumor cells, and it starts to strengthen its own active physiological immune antitumor. The ability to achieve the goal of reducing carcinogenesis, eliminating surgical residual foci, preventing metastasis and recurrence, increasing the cure rate of cancer, prolonging survival, and improving quality of life is an irreplaceable important component in comprehensive cancer treatment. The development of cancer vaccines The theory of immunology is closely related to the development of molecular biology. Through nearly one hundred years of exploration, it has progressed from non-specific immunotherapy to specific immunotherapy, from the cellular level to the molecular and gene level. Until the late 1980s, cancer vaccines appeared. A qualitative leap in the new concept. Currently studied tumor vaccines mainly include: (1) Tumor cell vaccines, which are treated with methods such as grinding, irradiation, and drug inactivation of autologous tumor tissues, and are prepared after addition of adjuvants. Has been clinically tested for a variety of solid tumors, resulting in a certain effect, but is limited due to low scientificity. (2 ) Tumor nucleic acid vaccines, DNA vaccines, are made from eukaryotic expression plasmids that carry the gene encoding the antigen, and are directly input into the tissue cells to express the corresponding antigen in the body and induce the body to produce the corresponding specific immune response, especially the specificity. The protective immune response represented by sexual CIL. (3) Tumor polypeptide vaccines, composed of tumor-specific antigens, virus-associated antigens, oncogenes, or tumor suppressor muteins, common CTL