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V. M.希利尔（1875—1931），美国著名的儿童教育家、科普作家，创建了卡尔弗特教育体系。他为孩子们编写了一套趣味盎然的历史、地理、艺术读物，即《写给孩子看的世界历史》《写给孩子看的世界地理》《写给孩子看的艺术史》。本文选自《写给孩子看的艺术史》。
Many towns are named for persons— Washington， St. Louis， Jacksonville， and others. It is not so often that persons are named for towns， but here is a painter who was named for one. The town was Perugia， in Italy， and the man was called Perugino （Pay-roo-jee’no）. He wasn’t christened Perugino， but most people have forgotten what his real name was. Perugino wasn’t even born in Perugia， but he went to live in that town and started a school for painters there.
美国许多地方都是以人名作为当地的城市名，比如华盛顿、圣路易斯、杰克逊维尔等城市;但是却很少有人会根据城市名来取自己的名字。我现在要给你介绍的这位画家就是特例，他的名字就是根据意大利城市佩鲁吉诺来取的。事实上，画家佩鲁吉诺出生时并不叫这个名字，但是大部分人都已经忘了他的原名。他的出生地也不是在佩鲁吉诺，只因为他后来在那里定居，并且创办了绘画学校。
You can tell whom some letters are from before you open them， just by the handwriting on the envelop. In the same way you can tell a picture that Perugino has painted even if it hasn’t his name on it. He painted Madonnas and saints and after you have seen several of them， you can recognize others he did， even though you may not be able to tell just how or why. Usually they have their heads bent to one side， a very sweet expression， and usually the figure has one knee bent.
你收到一封信，有時不拆开信封就能知道是谁寄来的，那是因为你看出了信封上字迹的特点。同样的，即使没有署名，我们也能猜出哪些画是佩鲁吉诺画的，因为他的画也很有特点。佩鲁吉诺最常画的主题是圣母马利亚以及各位圣徒，通常你只要看过他的两三幅画就能认出他的其他画了，虽然你可能也没法说清你是如何辨认出来的。他画中人物特点通常都是头偏向一边，脸上带着微笑，一条腿微微弯曲。
Perugino painted many beautiful pictures， but he is chiefly famous because of one of his pupils. This pupil was a boy who many people feel became the greatest painter of all time. His name is Raphael. Raphael studied with Perugino for three years. By the time he was nineteen years old he had learned everything that his master could teach him， so he started out for himself. He died when he was thirty-seven years old， but he was such a hard worker that he had painted or drawn over a thousand pictures by that time. Indeed， we are told that he died from overwork.
佩鲁吉诺画过很多漂亮的画，不过，他的出名主要还是因为他的一名学生。佩鲁吉诺的这名学生是个小伙子，人们都认为这个年轻人是有史以来最伟大的画家，他就是拉斐尔。拉斐尔跟着佩鲁吉诺学习了三年。拉斐尔十九岁的时候，他已经把佩鲁吉诺能教的所有东西都学会了，之后他就开始自学。拉斐尔一直都非常努力地画画，所以尽管他三十七岁就去世了，但留下了一千多幅已经完成的绘画作品。事实上，有人说拉斐尔其实是因为画画太辛苦，劳累过度而死。
Raphael must have done about one picture a week， and some of his paintings are very large and have many figures in them. The only way he could have made so many， and the way we know he did， was to have his pupils help him. He always painted the faces himself， but his pupils painted the clothes and hands and other less important parts of the pictures. It would take several books with a picture on each page to show all of Raphael’s paintings. One of the most famous is “The Madonna del Gran Duca”. It was called so because it was bought by a grand duke who prized it more highly than all his riches. In fact， he was not willing to have it hanging on the wall of his palace or placed in a vault for safe-keeping. He wanted it with him all the time and is said to have carried it with him in his carriage wherever he went so that it would never be out of his sight.
為了画这么多画，拉斐尔必须每一个星期就完成一幅作品，有一些画作的幅面非常大，人物也非常多。要想完成这么多画，唯一的办法就是让学生帮忙。据我们所知，事实上拉斐尔也是这么做的。通常，拉斐尔自己先把人物的脸画好，然后让学生画次要的部分，比如人物的四肢、服饰等。
如果每一张拉斐尔的画都印一张纸，那么所有印出来的纸就可以凑成好多本书了！在拉斐尔的众多画作中，《大公爵的圣母》是他享誉盛名的画作之一。这幅画叫这个名字是因为一位大公爵出高价买走了这幅画，出的价甚至超过了自己所有财产的价值。这个公爵实在是太喜欢这幅画了，他希望把这幅画时刻带在身边，而不是挂在墙上，抑或是锁在柜子里保存。所以不管走到哪儿，大公爵都把这幅画放在自己的马车里，随身携带。
The grand duke is now dead， of course， and “The Madonna del Gran Duca” is in an art gallery in Florence， where every one can see it as often and as long as he likes， if he can afford to go there. How fortunate， you may think， for the people who live in Florence， who can see it every day without cost！ Yet I know people living in Florence who have never seen it. Strange？ That seems to be the way with people. Some people go thousands of miles and pay thousands of dollars to get there， while those who live almost next door don’t or won’t “go across the street” to see the picture.
当然，那个大公爵早已离世，这幅画现在被收藏在佛罗伦萨的一个美术馆里。所有到那个美术馆的人都可以去欣赏这幅画，看多少次、看多久都行，只要他们付得起路费。住在佛罗伦萨的人多幸运呀！他们可以随时欣赏这幅画，而不需要花路费！估计你多半有这样的感叹吧。不过呢，据我所知并不是所有的佛罗伦萨人都看过这幅画。你觉得奇怪？其实人们就是这么奇怪。有些人不远万里，花很多路费专门去看这幅画;而有些人与它可能仅有一墙之隔，却不理会珍宝就在身边。
Raphael painted another Madonna called “The Madonna of the Chair”. It is a tondo. Do you remember what that is？ It is a round picture.
The story is that Raphael was walking one day in the country when he saw a young mother sitting in a doorway with her little baby.
“What a beautiful madonna！” Raphael said to himself. “I must paint her now， on the spot where she is， before she changes.”
He looked around for something to paint on and， in a rubbish heap near by， he saw the round top of a barrel. So he sketched the young woman and her baby then and there with a pencil. And as soon as he reached his home he made the painting of them.
拉斐尔还有幅著名的圣母像——《椅中圣母》——是一幅tondo。你还记得是什么意思吗？就是圆形画的意思。
据说，有一天拉斐尔在乡间散步时，无意间看到一位年轻的母亲怀抱着一个婴儿坐在门槛旁边的情景。
“多美的圣母马利亚啊！”拉斐尔喃喃自语道，“我要在她没有改变姿势之前，赶快把她的形象画下来。” 拉斐尔当下立即四周寻找，看看附近有没有合适的东西可以用来画画。结果只在不远处的垃圾堆上捡到了一个圆形的垃圾桶盖。拉斐尔在上面迅速地用铅笔把年轻母亲和婴儿的轮廓勾勒出来。然后，他一回到家就马上根據记在垃圾桶盖上的轮廓完成了这幅作品。
But the most famous picture in the world is another Madonna by Raphael called “The Sistine Madonna” from the name of the church where it was first placed. It is not there now， however， but in a gallery in Dresden， Germany， where it has a room all by itself， for no other picture is thought worthy to be hung in the same room.
但是拉斐尔的《西斯廷圣母》却是世界上最著名的圣母画像了。西斯廷是最初安放这幅画的教堂的名字，不过现在这幅画已经被存放在了德国德累斯顿的一家美术馆里。人们认为，世界上再找不到其他任何一幅画作可以配得上与它放在一起，于是它被专门单独放在一间屋子里。
Many Madonnas that I have shown you may be beautiful themselves， but the Holy Child in the pictures may not be beautiful at all. He often looks like a little old man or just a very fat baby， and not a bit what we feel the Son of God should look like. The Christ Child in Raphael’s “Sistine Madonna” is very beautiful. Leaning on the edge of the frame， beneath the feet of the Madonna， are two little angels or cherubs. This idea Raphael got from Fra Bartolommeo， who was a great friend of his. The two other people in the picture who are worshiping the Madonna are Pope Sixtus and Saint Barbara. They， of course， did not live at the time of Christ. They were put in this picture just as Botticelli put two living boys into his picture of the “Coronation”.
我给你展示过的大部分圣母像中，圣母都非常漂亮。但是画中的圣婴通常却不怎么漂亮，有的看起来像个小老头，有的就是个小胖墩儿，完全不像我们心目中上帝之子应该具有的形象。不过，拉斐尔的《西斯廷圣母》中的圣婴却非常漂亮。在圣母马利亚的脚下，倚在画的边缘还有两个小天使，这是拉斐尔从他的好朋友费拉·巴尔托洛梅奥那里学来的画法。画中另外两个正在朝觐圣母的人，分别是西克斯特教皇和芭芭拉圣徒，这两个人都没有生活在耶稣时代，但是拉斐尔还是将他们画了进去。把不同时期的人画在一起，这和波提切利把两个当时真实的小男孩画在他的《圣母加冕图》中是一样的。
Word Study
heap /hi?p/ n. （凌乱的）一推
v. 堆积（东西）;堆置
His clothes lay in a heap on the floor.
Rocks were heaped up on the side of the road.
sketch /sket?/ v. 画素描;概述
n. 素描;速写
He quickly sketched the view from the window.
She sketched out her plan for tackling the problem.
The artist is making sketches for his next painting.
worship /'w????p/ v. （尤指在宗教场所）做礼拜，敬奉;崇拜，敬重
The Maya built jungle pyramids to worship their gods.
She adores her sons and they worship her.
Many towns are named for persons— Washington， St. Louis， Jacksonville， and others. It is not so often that persons are named for towns， but here is a painter who was named for one. The town was Perugia， in Italy， and the man was called Perugino （Pay-roo-jee’no）. He wasn’t christened Perugino， but most people have forgotten what his real name was. Perugino wasn’t even born in Perugia， but he went to live in that town and started a school for painters there.
美国许多地方都是以人名作为当地的城市名，比如华盛顿、圣路易斯、杰克逊维尔等城市;但是却很少有人会根据城市名来取自己的名字。我现在要给你介绍的这位画家就是特例，他的名字就是根据意大利城市佩鲁吉诺来取的。事实上，画家佩鲁吉诺出生时并不叫这个名字，但是大部分人都已经忘了他的原名。他的出生地也不是在佩鲁吉诺，只因为他后来在那里定居，并且创办了绘画学校。
You can tell whom some letters are from before you open them， just by the handwriting on the envelop. In the same way you can tell a picture that Perugino has painted even if it hasn’t his name on it. He painted Madonnas and saints and after you have seen several of them， you can recognize others he did， even though you may not be able to tell just how or why. Usually they have their heads bent to one side， a very sweet expression， and usually the figure has one knee bent.
你收到一封信，有時不拆开信封就能知道是谁寄来的，那是因为你看出了信封上字迹的特点。同样的，即使没有署名，我们也能猜出哪些画是佩鲁吉诺画的，因为他的画也很有特点。佩鲁吉诺最常画的主题是圣母马利亚以及各位圣徒，通常你只要看过他的两三幅画就能认出他的其他画了，虽然你可能也没法说清你是如何辨认出来的。他画中人物特点通常都是头偏向一边，脸上带着微笑，一条腿微微弯曲。
Perugino painted many beautiful pictures， but he is chiefly famous because of one of his pupils. This pupil was a boy who many people feel became the greatest painter of all time. His name is Raphael. Raphael studied with Perugino for three years. By the time he was nineteen years old he had learned everything that his master could teach him， so he started out for himself. He died when he was thirty-seven years old， but he was such a hard worker that he had painted or drawn over a thousand pictures by that time. Indeed， we are told that he died from overwork.
佩鲁吉诺画过很多漂亮的画，不过，他的出名主要还是因为他的一名学生。佩鲁吉诺的这名学生是个小伙子，人们都认为这个年轻人是有史以来最伟大的画家，他就是拉斐尔。拉斐尔跟着佩鲁吉诺学习了三年。拉斐尔十九岁的时候，他已经把佩鲁吉诺能教的所有东西都学会了，之后他就开始自学。拉斐尔一直都非常努力地画画，所以尽管他三十七岁就去世了，但留下了一千多幅已经完成的绘画作品。事实上，有人说拉斐尔其实是因为画画太辛苦，劳累过度而死。
Raphael must have done about one picture a week， and some of his paintings are very large and have many figures in them. The only way he could have made so many， and the way we know he did， was to have his pupils help him. He always painted the faces himself， but his pupils painted the clothes and hands and other less important parts of the pictures. It would take several books with a picture on each page to show all of Raphael’s paintings. One of the most famous is “The Madonna del Gran Duca”. It was called so because it was bought by a grand duke who prized it more highly than all his riches. In fact， he was not willing to have it hanging on the wall of his palace or placed in a vault for safe-keeping. He wanted it with him all the time and is said to have carried it with him in his carriage wherever he went so that it would never be out of his sight.
為了画这么多画，拉斐尔必须每一个星期就完成一幅作品，有一些画作的幅面非常大，人物也非常多。要想完成这么多画，唯一的办法就是让学生帮忙。据我们所知，事实上拉斐尔也是这么做的。通常，拉斐尔自己先把人物的脸画好，然后让学生画次要的部分，比如人物的四肢、服饰等。
如果每一张拉斐尔的画都印一张纸，那么所有印出来的纸就可以凑成好多本书了！在拉斐尔的众多画作中，《大公爵的圣母》是他享誉盛名的画作之一。这幅画叫这个名字是因为一位大公爵出高价买走了这幅画，出的价甚至超过了自己所有财产的价值。这个公爵实在是太喜欢这幅画了，他希望把这幅画时刻带在身边，而不是挂在墙上，抑或是锁在柜子里保存。所以不管走到哪儿，大公爵都把这幅画放在自己的马车里，随身携带。
The grand duke is now dead， of course， and “The Madonna del Gran Duca” is in an art gallery in Florence， where every one can see it as often and as long as he likes， if he can afford to go there. How fortunate， you may think， for the people who live in Florence， who can see it every day without cost！ Yet I know people living in Florence who have never seen it. Strange？ That seems to be the way with people. Some people go thousands of miles and pay thousands of dollars to get there， while those who live almost next door don’t or won’t “go across the street” to see the picture.
当然，那个大公爵早已离世，这幅画现在被收藏在佛罗伦萨的一个美术馆里。所有到那个美术馆的人都可以去欣赏这幅画，看多少次、看多久都行，只要他们付得起路费。住在佛罗伦萨的人多幸运呀！他们可以随时欣赏这幅画，而不需要花路费！估计你多半有这样的感叹吧。不过呢，据我所知并不是所有的佛罗伦萨人都看过这幅画。你觉得奇怪？其实人们就是这么奇怪。有些人不远万里，花很多路费专门去看这幅画;而有些人与它可能仅有一墙之隔，却不理会珍宝就在身边。
Raphael painted another Madonna called “The Madonna of the Chair”. It is a tondo. Do you remember what that is？ It is a round picture.
The story is that Raphael was walking one day in the country when he saw a young mother sitting in a doorway with her little baby.
“What a beautiful madonna！” Raphael said to himself. “I must paint her now， on the spot where she is， before she changes.”
He looked around for something to paint on and， in a rubbish heap near by， he saw the round top of a barrel. So he sketched the young woman and her baby then and there with a pencil. And as soon as he reached his home he made the painting of them.
拉斐尔还有幅著名的圣母像——《椅中圣母》——是一幅tondo。你还记得是什么意思吗？就是圆形画的意思。
据说，有一天拉斐尔在乡间散步时，无意间看到一位年轻的母亲怀抱着一个婴儿坐在门槛旁边的情景。
“多美的圣母马利亚啊！”拉斐尔喃喃自语道，“我要在她没有改变姿势之前，赶快把她的形象画下来。” 拉斐尔当下立即四周寻找，看看附近有没有合适的东西可以用来画画。结果只在不远处的垃圾堆上捡到了一个圆形的垃圾桶盖。拉斐尔在上面迅速地用铅笔把年轻母亲和婴儿的轮廓勾勒出来。然后，他一回到家就马上根據记在垃圾桶盖上的轮廓完成了这幅作品。
But the most famous picture in the world is another Madonna by Raphael called “The Sistine Madonna” from the name of the church where it was first placed. It is not there now， however， but in a gallery in Dresden， Germany， where it has a room all by itself， for no other picture is thought worthy to be hung in the same room.
但是拉斐尔的《西斯廷圣母》却是世界上最著名的圣母画像了。西斯廷是最初安放这幅画的教堂的名字，不过现在这幅画已经被存放在了德国德累斯顿的一家美术馆里。人们认为，世界上再找不到其他任何一幅画作可以配得上与它放在一起，于是它被专门单独放在一间屋子里。
Many Madonnas that I have shown you may be beautiful themselves， but the Holy Child in the pictures may not be beautiful at all. He often looks like a little old man or just a very fat baby， and not a bit what we feel the Son of God should look like. The Christ Child in Raphael’s “Sistine Madonna” is very beautiful. Leaning on the edge of the frame， beneath the feet of the Madonna， are two little angels or cherubs. This idea Raphael got from Fra Bartolommeo， who was a great friend of his. The two other people in the picture who are worshiping the Madonna are Pope Sixtus and Saint Barbara. They， of course， did not live at the time of Christ. They were put in this picture just as Botticelli put two living boys into his picture of the “Coronation”.
我给你展示过的大部分圣母像中，圣母都非常漂亮。但是画中的圣婴通常却不怎么漂亮，有的看起来像个小老头，有的就是个小胖墩儿，完全不像我们心目中上帝之子应该具有的形象。不过，拉斐尔的《西斯廷圣母》中的圣婴却非常漂亮。在圣母马利亚的脚下，倚在画的边缘还有两个小天使，这是拉斐尔从他的好朋友费拉·巴尔托洛梅奥那里学来的画法。画中另外两个正在朝觐圣母的人，分别是西克斯特教皇和芭芭拉圣徒，这两个人都没有生活在耶稣时代，但是拉斐尔还是将他们画了进去。把不同时期的人画在一起，这和波提切利把两个当时真实的小男孩画在他的《圣母加冕图》中是一样的。
Word Study
heap /hi?p/ n. （凌乱的）一推
v. 堆积（东西）;堆置
His clothes lay in a heap on the floor.
Rocks were heaped up on the side of the road.
sketch /sket?/ v. 画素描;概述
n. 素描;速写
He quickly sketched the view from the window.
She sketched out her plan for tackling the problem.
The artist is making sketches for his next painting.
worship /'w????p/ v. （尤指在宗教场所）做礼拜，敬奉;崇拜，敬重
The Maya built jungle pyramids to worship their gods.
She adores her sons and they worship her.