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一、十九世纪末有关基础 科学的发展水平 十九世纪末汽轮机作为动力机械的出现是与十九世纪以前有关基础科学的发展分不开的。自从牛顿发现万有引力和提出物体的运动定律后,俄罗斯科学家雷蒙诺索夫建立和证明了能量不灭定律。在流体力学方面,欧拉建立了流体的运动方程。伯努利建立了流体的能量方程。1906年儒科夫斯基确立了机翼的环流理论。在热力学方面,卡诺在1824年首先提出了热力机械的卡诺循环。1848年克劳修斯和开尔文提出不同形式的热力学第二定律。十九世纪后半期,迈耶、
I. The Development of Basic Sciences at the End of the 19th Century The emergence of steam turbines as a power machinery at the end of the 19th century was inseparable from the development of basic science before the 19th century. Since Newton discovered the gravitation and proposed the law of motion of objects, the Russian scientist Raymond Novo established and proved the law of energy invariance. In hydrodynamics, Euler established the equation of motion of the fluid. Bernoulli established the fluid’s energy equation. In 1906, Rukowski established the circulation theory of the wing. In thermodynamics, Kano in 1824 first proposed the thermo-mechanical Carnot cycle. In 1848 Clausius and Kelvin proposed different forms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second half of the nineteenth century, Meyer,