发生在上个世纪之交的义和团运动,是中国农民面对帝国主义侵略而惟一组织起来的一次大的对抗。它以迷信和全面排外聚合民众,又为官僚统治所利用。它的失败充分显示了在资本主义精神面前,官文化及其统治下的小农意识的落后。直隶所具有的相关的思想文化基础,是其成为义和团运动 The Boxer Rebellion that took place at the turn of the century was a grand confrontation that was uniquely organized by the Chinese peasantry in the face of imperialist aggression. It uses superstition and full xenophobia to assemble the population and is also used by bureaucratic rule. Its failure has fully demonstrated the undeveloment of official culture and the small-scale peasant’s agriculture under its rule in the face of capitalism. The relevant ideological and cultural foundation that Zhili has is its becoming a Boxer movement