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在新制度经济学框架下,从理解交易费用的内涵和外延出发,针对当前交易费用学说理论研究的不足,创新性地提出了“交易费用两分”范式。该范式将“制度的成本”和“交易的成本”统一于一个总量交易费用内核,并将其外延结构性地划分为两部分,即与市场微观主体相作用的单边交易费用和与第三方(国家)相作用的结构交易费用。可以简要阐述为:总量交易费用=单边交易费用+结构交易费用。其中,单边交易费用是指交易过程中交易者因界定和维护产权而产生的成本损耗,单边交易费用=市场交易费用+制度补偿费用+外部性费用Ⅱ;结构交易费用是指国家因界定和维护产权而产生的,且无须国家以外个体(组织)承担的成本损耗,结构交易费用=公共制度费用+外部性费用Ⅰ。与此同时,本文将外部性引入交易费用,原因是,产权交易中权利外溢被置于公共领域的普遍性及其对交易主体成本收益核算影响的客观性。分析了“交易费用两分”不同于总量交易费用的若干特性,明确了如下几点:第一,结构交易费用影响市场交易主体的单边交易费用;第二,单边交易费用在不同市场主体间分布的非均衡性;第三,单边交易费用和结构交易费用对市场交易主体决策和行为影响的差异性;第四,外部性的引入明确了“交易费用为零”只能是理论假设。“交易费用两分”范式对当前的一些理论问题和现实问题具有一定的解释力,理论适用性被初步证明。
Under the framework of New Institutional Economics, starting from the understanding of the connotation and extension of transaction costs, this paper proposes a new paradigm of “transaction cost” for the lack of theoretical research on the current transaction cost theory. The paradigm unifies the cost of the system and the cost of the transaction in a total transaction cost kernel and structurally divides its extension into two parts, that is, the unilateral transaction that interacts with the market micro-entity Expenses and structural transaction costs that apply to third parties (countries). Can be briefly described as: the total transaction costs = unilateral transaction costs + structure transaction costs. Among them, the unilateral transaction cost refers to the transaction costs and losses caused by traders in defining and maintaining property rights. Unilateral transaction costs = market transaction costs + system compensation expenses + externality expenses II; And the loss of the costs borne by the maintenance of property rights without the burden on individuals (organizations) outside the country. Structure Transaction Costs = Public System Expenses + External Expenses Ⅰ. At the same time, this paper introduces the externalities into the transaction costs because of the universality of the right spillover in the public domain and its objectivity to the cost-benefit accounting of the transaction subject. Analyzed the “” transaction costs “two points ” is different from the total transaction costs of a number of characteristics, made clear the following points: First, the structural transaction costs affect the market transaction body unilateral transaction costs; Second, the unilateral transaction costs in The unbalanced distribution among different market players; thirdly, the difference between unilateral transaction costs and structure transaction costs on the decision-making and behavior of market participants; fourthly, the introduction of externality makes it clear that “transaction costs are zero” Only theoretical assumptions. “Two-point transaction costs ” paradigm has some explanatory power on some current theoretical problems and practical problems, and its theoretical applicability is initially proved.