公共物品除有形者(物态者)外,还有大量的无形者(非物态者),已成为共识,但深化此共识非常重要,因为政府所提供的无形公共物品远远不够。文化教育、医疗卫生等社会保障,完全不同于道路、桥梁等基础设施,其本质是公共服务型物品,此类公共物品所提供的效用,完全满足帕累托无差异曲线,尽管不可相互无差异替代,但其效用对国家和社会而言,具有等值性。本文从帕累托优化、边际福利效用递减的效用比较、基本可行能力等多维视角对公共物品供给的无差异性作出价值判断,以揭示公共物品供给的价值平等性。 Public goods In addition to the physical ones, there are a large number of invisible persons (non-physical persons) that have become consensus. However, deepening this consensus is very important because the invisible public goods provided by the government are far from enough. Social security such as culture, education and health is completely different from the infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The essence of such social services is public service goods. The utility provided by such public goods fully satisfies the Pareto indifference curve, though it can not be mutually independent Alternative, but its effectiveness for the country and society, has the same value. This article from Pareto optimization, the utility of diminishing utility marginal utility comparison, the basic viability of multi-dimensional perspective on the supply of public goods to make the difference between the value of judgments in order to reveal the equality of the value of public goods supply.