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细胞的极性,以脂筏与胞膜窖(caveolae)为特征的细胞质膜的非匀质性;细胞质膜上受体的不均匀分布;细胞内信号转导系统分子的“区隔化”和分子间的“牵拽”作用;细胞内各种区隔(compartment)、微域(microdomain)的存在;以及细胞骨架分子的结合蛋白和缔合蛋白的作用等事实,都表明了细胞结构及功能的非均一性.这些事实也强力地提示,细胞内的蛋白大分子组构成为有效的分子机器,是当它们处于一定位置和具备一定浓度(量)的条件下发生相互作用的.所以,蛋白大分子的定位和定量问题是细胞生物学的一个基本问题.当细胞主要大分子在一定时间范围内的定位和定量问题得到基本阐明以后,融入单分子研究的材料,人们将可以在更精确的水平上描述细胞的功能活动,这应当称之为精确细胞生物学(precision cell biology).但是,直观地演示蛋白大分子之间的定位关系,确切地测定它们的微局域浓度,并非易事,这主要是受到了技术条件的限制.近年发展起来的超分辨荧光显微镜、冷冻高压电子显微镜等新技术,极大地有利于这方面的研究,但仍远不能满足需要,还需要继续发展.
Cell polarity, heterogeneity of cytoplasmic membranes characterized by lipid rafts and caveolae; inhomogeneous distribution of receptors on the plasma membrane; “compartmentalization” of intracellular signal transduction system molecules; “And the” drag "effect between molecules; the presence of various compartments, microdomain within the cell; and the role of the cytoskeletal binding proteins and associated proteins, Cell structure and function of these heterogeneity These facts also strongly suggest that intracellular protein macromolecules constitute effective molecular machinery is when they are in a certain position and have a certain concentration (volume) under the conditions of interaction . Therefore, the localization and quantitation of protein macromolecules is a basic problem in cell biology.When the localization and quantitation of the major macromolecules in a certain period of time are basically elucidated, it will be possible to integrate into the materials of single molecule research Describing the cell’s functional activity at a more precise level, which should be called precision cell biology, however, visually demonstrates the positional relationship between protein macromolecules and determines exactly Our micro-local concentration is not easy, which is mainly limited by the technical conditions.In recent years, the development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and cryogenic high-pressure electron microscopy and other new technologies, which are greatly conducive to this research, but still far Can not meet the needs, but also need to continue to develop.