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改革开放30年来,在经济增长的同时,中国农民阶层在社会地位上始终处在不利位置,这集中表现为城乡居民享受公共服务的不均等。本文着重于系统分析导致城乡公共服务非均等的原因,并提出实现城乡公共服务均等化的政策取向。首先,从宏观、中观、微观三个层面对其因素进行了比较全面的分析。“一国两制”的城乡二元制度是导致城乡公共服务非均等的宏观因素;财政是公共服务供给的物质基础,是导致城乡公共服务非均等的中观因素;“自上而下”公共服务供给机制下的政府理性和农民理性是导致城乡公共服务非均等的微观因素。其次,针对有关因素,相应地提出了实现城乡公共服务均等化的宏观政策、中观政策和微观政策。宏观政策是指改变城乡二元结构的制度安排,中观政策是实现城乡公共服务均等化的财政政策,微观政策是指改变“自上而下”公共服务供给机制下的农民理性和政府理性对农村公共服务供给的影响。
In the 30 years since the reform and opening up, while at the same time of economic growth, the peasantry in China has always been in a disadvantaged position in the social status. This shows that urban and rural residents enjoy unequal access to public services. This paper focuses on the systematic analysis of the reasons leading to unequal urban and rural public services, and puts forward the policy orientation of equalization of urban and rural public services. First of all, from a macro, meso, micro three levels of its factors were more comprehensive analysis. “The dual system of urban and rural areas under the principle of” one country, two systems “is the macroeconomic factor leading to the unequal urban and rural public services; finance is the material basis for the supply of public services and the mid-point factor leading to the unequal urban-rural public services; and” top-down “ The government rationality and farmer rationality under the public service supply mechanism are the micro-factors that lead to the unequal urban-rural public services. Secondly, according to the relevant factors, the corresponding macroscopic, mesoscopic and microcosmic policies are put forward to realize the equalization of urban and rural public services. Macroeconomic policy refers to the institutional arrangements that change the dual structure of urban and rural areas. The middle-level policies are the fiscal policies that realize the equalization of public services in urban and rural areas. The micro-policies refer to the peasants’ rationality and the government under the ”top-down" public service supply mechanism The Influence of Rationality on the Supply of Rural Public Services.