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肾脏是各种药物和化学物质毒作用的靶器官。中毒性肾病常表现为近曲小管的坏死,在组织学上可见上皮细胞变扁平、近曲小管扩张,近曲小管细胞可出现轻度空泡变性或明显肿胀,而细胞核出现典型的染色过度。肾病在功能上可表现为肾小球滤过率的降低,引起肌酐、尿素的廓清率降低,而在血中的浓度升高。在常用的肾功能试验出现异常前,已可发现组织学上的明显损伤,然而肾组织学的检查需要取出肾脏或作肾脏活检,因此不能作为肾病的普遍筛选方法。
The kidneys are the target organs for the poisoning of various drugs and chemical substances. Toxic nephropathy often manifested as proximal tubule necrosis, epithelial cells can be seen flattened in the histology, proximal tubule dilatation, proximal tubule cells may be mild vacuolar degeneration or significant swelling, and the nucleus typical over-dyeing. Renal disease can be manifested in the function of glomerular filtration rate decreased, causing creatinine, urea clearance rate decreased, while the concentration in the blood increased. Histologically significant damage can be detected before the usual renal function test abnormalities, however, kidney histology examination requires the removal of the kidneys or kidney biopsies and therefore can not be used as a universal screening method for nephropathy.