遭遇:公元1500年前的文明。文明之间的关系已经经历了两个发展阶段,现在正处在第三个阶段。在文明首次出现之后的3000多年里,除了某些例外,文明之间或者没有联系,或者只有有限的断断续续的联系,其关系往往是紧张的。这种关系的性质可以用历史学家经常使用的词来恰当地表述为:“遭遇”。文明是被时间和空间分割开来的。只有少数文明存在于同一时间。而且正如施沃茨(B.Schwartz)和艾森斯塔特(S.Eisenstadt)指出的,依 Encounter: civilization before 1500 AD The relationship between civilizations has gone through two stages of development and is now in the third stage. In the more than 3,000 years after the first civilizations, with some exceptions, civilizations either had no connection or had only limited, intermittent ties, and their relationships tended to be tense. The nature of this relationship can be aptly described as “encounter” with the words often used by historians. Civilization is divided by time and space. Only a few civilizations exist at the same time. And as pointed out by B. Schwartz and S. Eisenstadt,