硅芯片是电子材料的典型代表。20世纪60年代初开始产业化的集成电路(IC)只用少量的晶体管,到2007年,标准处理器芯片大约有相当于4亿只晶体管,增加了8个数量级(见图1)。这一期间, Silicon chip is a typical representative of electronic materials. The integrated circuits (ICs) that started industrialization in the early 1960s used only a small number of transistors. By 2007, standard processor chips had approximately 400 million transistors, an increase of eight orders of magnitude (see Figure 1). During this period,