鸦片战争的隆隆炮声和《南京条约》的丧权辱国,以及随之引起的中国社会经济和政治的急剧变化,使一部分具有爱国思想的抵抗派官员和知识分子,从“天朝上国”的迷梦中惊醒,开始注目世界,探求新知,关心时局,寻求强国御侮之道,“向西方学习”的新思想萌发。但新思想及其倡导者的实 The rumbling of the Opium War, the humiliation of the “Nanjing Treaty”, and the drastic changes in China’s socio-economic and political environment have resulted in some patriotic ideological resistance officials and intellectuals from the dreams of the “God of Heaven”. Woke up, began to pay attention to the world, seek new knowledge, care about the current situation, seek the way to strengthen the country, and sprout new ideas of “learning from the West”. But new ideas and their advocates