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生殖细胞的发生是发育和遗传的基础。在几乎所有哺乳动物中,原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cell,PGC)均由近端上胚层体细胞在周边细胞特定的信号诱导下特化而成。目前的研究已经发现一些与生殖细胞特化有关的信号分子和关键转录调控元件,以及特化后生殖细胞获得的与体细胞不同的生物特性。生殖细胞的特化是一个结合了体细胞发育程序的抑制、细胞多能性程序的启动和全基因组表观遗传重编程三个方面的动态的复杂过程。多能性干细胞(胚胎干细胞或诱导型多能干细胞)具有发育全能性,能分化为机体任何一种细胞类型,包括生殖细胞。利用多能性干细胞体外分化形成生殖细胞有助于深入系统地研究配子发生的调控机制,为干细胞在不育症治疗方面的应用带来新希望。
Germ cell development is the basis of development and inheritance. In almost all mammals, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are characterized by the induction of cell-specific signals in the proximal epiblast somatic cells. Current research has found that some signaling molecules and key transcriptional regulatory elements related to germ cell specialization, as well as different biological characteristics obtained from specialized germ cells and somatic cells. Germ cell specialization is a complex process that combines the inhibition of somatic developmental processes, the initiation of cellular pluripotency programs, and genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. Pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells) have developmental pluripotency and can differentiate into any cell type of the body, including germ cells. The use of pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into germ cells in vitro will help to deeply and systematically study the regulatory mechanism of gametogenesis and bring new hope for the application of stem cells in the treatment of infertility.