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阅读时,我们总会遇到一些生词,为了顺利地进行阅读,我们经常会根据上下文推断一些生词的大概意义。高考阅读理解的猜测词义题,主要涉及四种类型:熟词新义、生僻单词、词组短句和代词指代。一般情况下,我们可以通过它们所在句子的上下文语境信息直接猜测出来。当不能直接猜出时,就要把握全篇主旨,认真比较各选项的含义,把它们分别代入原文,然后结合语境推断出能够使上下文语义顺畅的选项。
下面结合2015年高考英语猜测词义试题,举例说明上下文语境信息之间的逻辑关系。
[同义与反义]
为了避免重复使用同一个词语,多个同义词、近义词或反义词会在上下文中出现。
例1 (2015新课标Ⅰ卷) The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration with the Musco Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.
31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Artworks B. Projects
C. Donations D. Documents.
解析 A。短文大意:艺术家Salvador Dali的艺术风格及相关作品。句意:精选的主要作品有两个来源,既有与马德里的一家艺术馆的密切合作,又有来自于其他机构(如佛罗里达州圣彼得堡的一家博物馆)的艺术作品。注意划线词contributions前面的连词and以及上文出现的同义词语works(作品)。
例2 (2015福建卷) If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.
73. The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.
A. cheerful B. average
C. serious D. temporary
解析 A。短文大意:团体锻炼有益于身体健康。句意:如果你厌倦了在健身房游荡,感到心烦并且觉得很浪费时间,那么参加集体健身课会让你的锻炼走上正轨。划线词upbeat应与上文的“让人厌倦、浪费时间、让你心烦”意思相反,即“令人愉快开心的”。
点拨 运用同义与反义的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意上下文的意思和其中的信号词,如and, similarly, or, but, for another, on the contrary, on the other hand等,这些词语下文的信息可能与上文的信息意思相同或者相反,要积累词语的同义词或近义词(比如例1中原文中的works与选项中的artworks),还要注意从语境中归纳出与划线部分相同或相反的信息,比如例2中的划线词upbeat与上文条件状语从句描述的内容就存在意思相反的逻辑关系。
[解释与因果]
准确地说明某个事物或事件,常常需要进行直接或间接的解释;一定的原因导致一定的结果,所以因果之间自有逻辑上的联系。
例3 (2015江苏卷) Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Countries where their people need help.
B. Powerful states with higher civilization.
C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D. Governments ruled with absolute power.
解析 D。短文大意:论述自由与责任相互依存的关系。句意:埃及和巴比伦都是这样的国度——一个集权者统治着绝望的大众的国度。下文中one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses就是对划线词tyrannies意义的解释,即“暴政”。
例4 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1? A. ended all their programs.
B. provided fewer channels.
C. changed to commercials.
D. showed all-night movies.
解析 A。短文大意:购买电视后生活的变化。句意:把电视机带回家之后,它运行得非常好,以致于我会一直看到电视台晚上停播;幸运的是,没有整晚播放电影的频道,否则我是不会上床睡觉的。可见,划线词signed off所在的句子与下文存在因果关系,即:因为“没有整晚播放的频道”,所以“我”只是“一直看到停台”而不会不眠不休。注意下文中的副词Fortunately和连词or。
点拨 运用解释与因果的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意上下文的意思及其中的信号词,如because,as,since,for,so,thus,therefore,hence,as a result。有时这些词汇会不出现(如例4),而namely,that is (to say),in other words等词汇的下文常常是对上文的解释。有时也用定语从句、同位语从句或独立主格结构来表示,比如,例3中划线词tyrannies的下文就是独立主格结构。
[描述与例证]
描述有助于更深入地、更生动地了解人物或事件;例证则是通过举例的方式把陌生的或抽象的事物生动化、具体化。
例5 (2015四川卷) It didn’t look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn’t offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.
36. What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean?
A. To attract. B. To upset.
C. To air. D. To shut.
解析 B。短文大意:描写一位既是种植能手又是烹饪高手的父亲。句意:父亲的炖菜并没有那么糟糕,第一次闻到让我屏住气息后就没那么刺鼻了。我尝了一口。虽然它决不会在烹饪大赛中获奖,但是却非常好吃,我们把它吃了个精光。可见,作者对父亲的炖菜的态度在变好。这里用了多个动词描述一系列的动作或状态,didn’t look, had shut down, took, would never win, was edible, drank up,还包括划线词didn’t offend。offend在文中的大概意思是“让(鼻子)不舒服”。
点拨 运用描述与例证的语境信息猜测词义时,要准确理解上下文所描述的情景,有时是一连串的动作(如例5),有时是情绪的变化,有时是景色的描写,因为词语的意义依赖于一定的描述。还要注意一些信号词,如like,such as,for example,for instance,take ... for example等,还有例6中的including,这些词语的下文就是对上文的例证。
[对比与转折]
强调事物之间的区别或对立时,往往运用对比或转折的手法加强上下文之间的联系。
例6 (2015浙江卷) While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. As she looked up at the three new humans in her life (small, medium, and large), she calculated, “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”
56. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.” (Paragraph 3)
A. The middle-aged person loves me most.
B. The medium-sized woman is the hostess.
C. The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.
D. The woman is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.
解析 D。短文大意:小狗的陪伴让作者享受到宁静的时光,看到了生活的希望。句意:虽然我慢慢地接受了要照顾Misty(守护她、看病、喂食、洗澡),而她却在第一天就知道了。当她抬头看这三个人(女儿、妻子、丈夫)时就认为,这个女士是最值得信任和最好心的人。与父女的做法形成鲜明的对比,作者先是没想过到要养宠物,而第二天却接过父女的手,这一点Mistty早就看出来了。
例7 (2015湖北卷) What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn’t a prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles, Loe and her family grow, can and preserve much of the food they consume. 55. The underlined word “prerequisite” (Para. 1)is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. recipe B. substitute
C. requirement D. challenge
解析 C。短文大意:记叙现代生活中自给自足的生活方式。句意:Theresa Loe现在做的事情证明,自给自足的生活不一定需要大农场。凭借仅仅0.1英亩的土地,她们一家人就种植、装罐并保存了她们所需要的大量食物。此处把大农场a large farm与小块地a mere 1/10 of an acre对比,不难看出:大农场不一定“必不可少”。
点拨 运用对比与转折的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意其中的信号词,如unlike,although,however,while,otherwise,instead of,rather than,in contrast,in spite of等。有时信号词不出现,得根据上下文的意思来把握,比如,例6中作者对待小狗的态度与父女俩的就截然相反,例7中的“大农场”与“小块地”也是鲜明的对比,对这类逻辑关系的理解可以帮助我们进行合理的推测。
[代词与指代]
代词指代的总原则是就近承前指代,即指代在数、性、格、意义、逻辑等方面与之接近的名词或名词短语。
例8 (2015湖南卷) It’s about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim.
59. The underlined word “they” in the third letter refers to .
A. accidents B. vehicles
C. pedestrians D. cyclists
解析 D。短文大意:交通安全隐患来自步行者还是骑自行车的人?句意:是时候该让他们(骑自行车的人)注册并投保了,当他们撞着行人、车辆,或者造成事故时,至少他们可以被追查问责,也可能有索赔的机会。注意划线词they上文中句子的主语也是they,这正是第三封信描述的对象cyclists。
例9 (2015福建卷) And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned. We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.
61. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ”.
A. one new thing B. a request
C. the news D. some comment
解析 C。短文大意:父亲让我们养成了吃饭时相互分享学到的东西的习惯。句意:晚餐时间是分享所学的最佳时间。我们会谈论一天的新闻,不论重要与否,都不可以等闲视之。注意划线词it指代上文中的单数名词the news。
点拨 运用代词与指代的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意it,they,one,ones,that,those,this,these等代词指代的内容多在上文中(如例10中的划线词it),有时要结合文章大意来判断(比如例9中的划线词they),还得把指代的内容放在那个代词的位置上,看一看上下文是否连贯,另外要注意代词指代的内容有时也会出现在下文中。
从以上的实例分析可以看出,上下文的语境信息常常包含有同义、反义、解释、描述、例证、因果、对比、指代等多种逻辑关系,有时也会使用一些信号词。这种关系使得文章的信息得以流动起来,从而形成了一个完整的语篇。而猜测词义试题,考查的不是词汇量的大小,而是要根据上下文中的已知信息对词汇的具体意义和代词的指代问题进行合理推测。所以,猜词悟义的关键,就是要结合文章大意,准确地领会语境的逻辑联系。惟有如此,我们才能准确地猜词悟义。
下面结合2015年高考英语猜测词义试题,举例说明上下文语境信息之间的逻辑关系。
[同义与反义]
为了避免重复使用同一个词语,多个同义词、近义词或反义词会在上下文中出现。
例1 (2015新课标Ⅰ卷) The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration with the Musco Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.
31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Artworks B. Projects
C. Donations D. Documents.
解析 A。短文大意:艺术家Salvador Dali的艺术风格及相关作品。句意:精选的主要作品有两个来源,既有与马德里的一家艺术馆的密切合作,又有来自于其他机构(如佛罗里达州圣彼得堡的一家博物馆)的艺术作品。注意划线词contributions前面的连词and以及上文出现的同义词语works(作品)。
例2 (2015福建卷) If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.
73. The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.
A. cheerful B. average
C. serious D. temporary
解析 A。短文大意:团体锻炼有益于身体健康。句意:如果你厌倦了在健身房游荡,感到心烦并且觉得很浪费时间,那么参加集体健身课会让你的锻炼走上正轨。划线词upbeat应与上文的“让人厌倦、浪费时间、让你心烦”意思相反,即“令人愉快开心的”。
点拨 运用同义与反义的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意上下文的意思和其中的信号词,如and, similarly, or, but, for another, on the contrary, on the other hand等,这些词语下文的信息可能与上文的信息意思相同或者相反,要积累词语的同义词或近义词(比如例1中原文中的works与选项中的artworks),还要注意从语境中归纳出与划线部分相同或相反的信息,比如例2中的划线词upbeat与上文条件状语从句描述的内容就存在意思相反的逻辑关系。
[解释与因果]
准确地说明某个事物或事件,常常需要进行直接或间接的解释;一定的原因导致一定的结果,所以因果之间自有逻辑上的联系。
例3 (2015江苏卷) Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Countries where their people need help.
B. Powerful states with higher civilization.
C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom. D. Governments ruled with absolute power.
解析 D。短文大意:论述自由与责任相互依存的关系。句意:埃及和巴比伦都是这样的国度——一个集权者统治着绝望的大众的国度。下文中one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses就是对划线词tyrannies意义的解释,即“暴政”。
例4 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1? A. ended all their programs.
B. provided fewer channels.
C. changed to commercials.
D. showed all-night movies.
解析 A。短文大意:购买电视后生活的变化。句意:把电视机带回家之后,它运行得非常好,以致于我会一直看到电视台晚上停播;幸运的是,没有整晚播放电影的频道,否则我是不会上床睡觉的。可见,划线词signed off所在的句子与下文存在因果关系,即:因为“没有整晚播放的频道”,所以“我”只是“一直看到停台”而不会不眠不休。注意下文中的副词Fortunately和连词or。
点拨 运用解释与因果的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意上下文的意思及其中的信号词,如because,as,since,for,so,thus,therefore,hence,as a result。有时这些词汇会不出现(如例4),而namely,that is (to say),in other words等词汇的下文常常是对上文的解释。有时也用定语从句、同位语从句或独立主格结构来表示,比如,例3中划线词tyrannies的下文就是独立主格结构。
[描述与例证]
描述有助于更深入地、更生动地了解人物或事件;例证则是通过举例的方式把陌生的或抽象的事物生动化、具体化。
例5 (2015四川卷) It didn’t look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn’t offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup.
36. What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean?
A. To attract. B. To upset.
C. To air. D. To shut.
解析 B。短文大意:描写一位既是种植能手又是烹饪高手的父亲。句意:父亲的炖菜并没有那么糟糕,第一次闻到让我屏住气息后就没那么刺鼻了。我尝了一口。虽然它决不会在烹饪大赛中获奖,但是却非常好吃,我们把它吃了个精光。可见,作者对父亲的炖菜的态度在变好。这里用了多个动词描述一系列的动作或状态,didn’t look, had shut down, took, would never win, was edible, drank up,还包括划线词didn’t offend。offend在文中的大概意思是“让(鼻子)不舒服”。
点拨 运用描述与例证的语境信息猜测词义时,要准确理解上下文所描述的情景,有时是一连串的动作(如例5),有时是情绪的变化,有时是景色的描写,因为词语的意义依赖于一定的描述。还要注意一些信号词,如like,such as,for example,for instance,take ... for example等,还有例6中的including,这些词语的下文就是对上文的例证。
[对比与转折]
强调事物之间的区别或对立时,往往运用对比或转折的手法加强上下文之间的联系。
例6 (2015浙江卷) While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. As she looked up at the three new humans in her life (small, medium, and large), she calculated, “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”
56. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.” (Paragraph 3)
A. The middle-aged person loves me most.
B. The medium-sized woman is the hostess.
C. The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.
D. The woman is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.
解析 D。短文大意:小狗的陪伴让作者享受到宁静的时光,看到了生活的希望。句意:虽然我慢慢地接受了要照顾Misty(守护她、看病、喂食、洗澡),而她却在第一天就知道了。当她抬头看这三个人(女儿、妻子、丈夫)时就认为,这个女士是最值得信任和最好心的人。与父女的做法形成鲜明的对比,作者先是没想过到要养宠物,而第二天却接过父女的手,这一点Mistty早就看出来了。
例7 (2015湖北卷) What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn’t a prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles, Loe and her family grow, can and preserve much of the food they consume. 55. The underlined word “prerequisite” (Para. 1)is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. recipe B. substitute
C. requirement D. challenge
解析 C。短文大意:记叙现代生活中自给自足的生活方式。句意:Theresa Loe现在做的事情证明,自给自足的生活不一定需要大农场。凭借仅仅0.1英亩的土地,她们一家人就种植、装罐并保存了她们所需要的大量食物。此处把大农场a large farm与小块地a mere 1/10 of an acre对比,不难看出:大农场不一定“必不可少”。
点拨 运用对比与转折的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意其中的信号词,如unlike,although,however,while,otherwise,instead of,rather than,in contrast,in spite of等。有时信号词不出现,得根据上下文的意思来把握,比如,例6中作者对待小狗的态度与父女俩的就截然相反,例7中的“大农场”与“小块地”也是鲜明的对比,对这类逻辑关系的理解可以帮助我们进行合理的推测。
[代词与指代]
代词指代的总原则是就近承前指代,即指代在数、性、格、意义、逻辑等方面与之接近的名词或名词短语。
例8 (2015湖南卷) It’s about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim.
59. The underlined word “they” in the third letter refers to .
A. accidents B. vehicles
C. pedestrians D. cyclists
解析 D。短文大意:交通安全隐患来自步行者还是骑自行车的人?句意:是时候该让他们(骑自行车的人)注册并投保了,当他们撞着行人、车辆,或者造成事故时,至少他们可以被追查问责,也可能有索赔的机会。注意划线词they上文中句子的主语也是they,这正是第三封信描述的对象cyclists。
例9 (2015福建卷) And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned. We would talk about the news of the day; no matter how insignificant, it was never taken lightly.
61. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ”.
A. one new thing B. a request
C. the news D. some comment
解析 C。短文大意:父亲让我们养成了吃饭时相互分享学到的东西的习惯。句意:晚餐时间是分享所学的最佳时间。我们会谈论一天的新闻,不论重要与否,都不可以等闲视之。注意划线词it指代上文中的单数名词the news。
点拨 运用代词与指代的语境信息猜测词义时,要注意it,they,one,ones,that,those,this,these等代词指代的内容多在上文中(如例10中的划线词it),有时要结合文章大意来判断(比如例9中的划线词they),还得把指代的内容放在那个代词的位置上,看一看上下文是否连贯,另外要注意代词指代的内容有时也会出现在下文中。
从以上的实例分析可以看出,上下文的语境信息常常包含有同义、反义、解释、描述、例证、因果、对比、指代等多种逻辑关系,有时也会使用一些信号词。这种关系使得文章的信息得以流动起来,从而形成了一个完整的语篇。而猜测词义试题,考查的不是词汇量的大小,而是要根据上下文中的已知信息对词汇的具体意义和代词的指代问题进行合理推测。所以,猜词悟义的关键,就是要结合文章大意,准确地领会语境的逻辑联系。惟有如此,我们才能准确地猜词悟义。