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本文目的是想把克罗齐的批评方法在理论和实践两方面加以说明,并对这种方法所提出的几个基本问题进行讨论。克罗齐把一切精神生活,一切人类活动分为四种形态:通过直观(艺术)来认识个别事物,通过逻辑(哲学)来认识一般事物,(通过经济学)来选择个别或有用的事物,以及(通过伦理学)来选择一般或善的事物。关于文学和艺术批评,克罗齐认为:一个正确的批评定义应该适用于一切艺术。这是与他的这一假定相符合的,即艺术是一个统一体,它的不同的形式只是经验上的、人为的区别。批评就是判断,而作为判断看,它是属于哲学或历史编纂学范围的。批评是对艺术对象的认识,是某一项个别活动的历史叙述,是上面提到的四种形式之一。克罗齐批评主张的实际含义(暂时丢开他的批评方法的理论意义)的基本特点是对于艺术品的人文主义的判断,是发现和分析艺术品的人性内容,再加上对于内容是否变成形式或仍停留在材料阶段,以及对于一件艺术品是不是诗歌或其他东西等问题的判断。他认为批评家的职责在于寻求作者的根本情调;他只企图指出某一特殊人生境遇之下的自觉的情趣,而不想对它作理智的认识,或强调实际行动的意志,或表示感到因利害关系而要求参与的愿望。实际上我们可以在克罗齐的艺术理论中看到两个方面:首先,他说明艺术是什么(艺术是直观),接着他就要用消除法说明艺术或直观不是什么(不是逻辑,不是实用,不是正义)。照克罗齐说来,批评家应该在艺术作品中把真正的直观(一种已经成为具体完美形象的真实感情)跟其他的东西,跟非诗歌区别开来。这就是批评任务的目的。他的批评方法的两个核心论点是:艺术个性的准则以及艺术个性和一般历史的关系,对待艺术作品唯一不矛盾的方法就是认识它的绝对个性,否则就容易忽视它的具体的现实性。严格说来,只有个别作品才是审美判断的对象。
The purpose of this paper is to explain Croce’s theory of criticism in both theory and practice, and to discuss some of the basic questions raised by this method. Croce divides all spiritual activities and all human activities into four forms: recognizing individual things through intuition (art), general things through logic (philosophy), selecting individual or useful things (through economics) And (by ethnics) to choose something normal or good. Regarding literary and artistic criticism, Croce argues that a correct definition of criticism should apply to all arts. This is in line with his assumption that art is a unity and that its different forms are only empirical and artificial differences. Criticism is judgment, which, judging from judgment, belongs to the scope of philosophy or historical compilation. Criticism is the recognition of an object of art, a historical account of an individual activity, and one of the four forms mentioned above. The basic characteristic of the actual meaning of Croce’s criticism (temporarily dismissing the theoretical significance of his method of criticism) is that the humanistic judgment of the artwork is to discover and analyze the human nature of the artwork, and whether or not the content is changed Forms or still remain in the material stage, as well as a piece of art is not poetry or other things to judge the issue. In his opinion, the critic’s duty is to seek the author’s basic mood; he only attempts to point out the conscious taste of a particular life situation, and does not want to make a rational understanding of it or emphasize the actual action will, Relationship and the desire to participate. In fact we can see two aspects in Croce’s theory of art: first, he shows what art is (art is intuitive), and then he destroys art or intuition with nothing (not logic, not practical , Not just). According to Croce, critics should distinguish true non-poetry from true, intuitive (a real emotion that has become a concrete, perfect image) in the work of art. This is the purpose of criticizing the task. The two core arguments of his method of criticism are: the norms of artistic individuality and the relationship between artistic individuality and general history. The only non-contradictory way to treat artistic works is to recognize its absolute individuality, otherwise it is easy to ignore its concrete reality. Strictly speaking, only individual works are the objects of aesthetic judgment.