记者:到本世纪末这段时间里,加快国有企业改革主要从哪儿入手?朝着什么方向改革呢?答:目前,一部分国有企业缺乏活力、经营困难,原因是多方面的。从根本上讲,主要有两个方面的原因。一方面是由于在传统计划经济下,政企不分,政府对企业干预过多,作为政府附属物的企业缺乏市场观念和竞争机制的情况没有得到根本改变,企业为社会背上了沉重的包袱,而改革后放权让利又使产权约束软化,“内部人控制”的现象十分严重(意指企业内部的经理人员、职工控制了企业的利润分配权而倾向于分光吃光)。另一方面,国有经济的分布过大而又过于分散,资本金不足,不能实现规模经济,债务和利息负担沉重,难以进行重大技术改造。目前国有企业占用了约70%的社会存量资源,固定资产投资和流动资金贷款等流量资源占用的比例更大,但其价值增加值、产值、赢利占整个国内生产总值的比重都远远低于70%,而且这个比重还有下降的趋势。目前,明亏和潜亏的国有企业分别占国有企业总数的45%和30%,分别拥有2000万职工。因此,国有企业搞得好不好,对国民经济整体发展和社会稳定影响极大。国有企业改革势在必行。但是,国有企业改革到 Reporter: By the end of this century, where to speed up the reform of state-owned enterprises? Where are the reforms? A: At present, a part of state-owned enterprises lack vitality and management difficulties for many reasons. Fundamentally, there are two main reasons. On the one hand, under the traditional planned economy, there has been no fundamental change in the absence of market concepts and competition mechanisms as a result of the lack of government and enterprises, the excessive government intervention in enterprises, the lack of market concept and competition mechanism among enterprises as government appendages, and the enterprises carrying a heavy burden on society , While the decentralization of power and the reform after the reform of property rights constraints soften the “insider control ” phenomenon is very serious (meaning the enterprise managers, employees control the profit distribution rights of enterprises tend to be splitted.) On the other hand, the distribution of the state-owned economy is too large and too dispersed. There is not enough capital to finance economies of scale and the debt and interest burden are heavy and it is difficult to carry out major technological transformations. At present, state-owned enterprises occupy about 70% of the social stock resources, and fixed asset investment and working capital loans occupy a larger proportion of flow resources, but the value added value, output value and profit share of the total GDP are far lower At 70%, but this proportion is still a downward trend. Currently, state-owned enterprises with clear losses and latent losses account for 45% and 30% of the total state-owned enterprises, respectively, with 20 million workers and workers respectively. Therefore, doing well the state-owned enterprises has a great impact on the overall development of the national economy and social stability. The reform of state-owned enterprises is imperative. However, the state-owned enterprises reform to