论文部分内容阅读
在二战后所形成的习惯国际法机制中,指挥官责任(上级责任)用以追究国际刑法上的个人刑事责任。自联合国特设法庭建立以来的现代国际刑事司法,将其对指挥官责任的解读构筑于1977年第一附加议定书第86条和第87条之上,这两条同时也被认为反映了习惯国际法的发展。关于前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭与卢旺达国际刑事法庭各自规约的第7条第3款、第6条第3款的司法实践,已经发展成为一套复杂且艰难的法理。国际刑事法院对指挥官责任机制的运用,首要来自于《罗马规约》第28条这一条约机制,在此规定下,不论军事还是非军事上级都可以作为被告人被追究个人刑事责任。最近的特设刑事法庭和国际刑事法院实践,针对一系列问题产生了尖锐的分歧,这些分歧包括:(1)指挥官责任的性质如何界定;(2)指挥官责任如何适用于目的犯罪,特别是种族灭绝罪,以及该机制如何适用于除犯罪实行外的其他犯罪参与形式;(3)指挥官责任怎样与不作为帮助犯区分;(4)以指挥官责任归责将会如何影响被告人的量刑。本文旨在阐述上述问题,并从实证法运作和方法论的角度对这些问题进行探讨。
In the customary international law system formed after World War II, commander responsibility (higher-level responsibility) is used to investigate the individual criminal responsibility in international criminal law. Modern international criminal justice since the founding of the United Nations ad hoc tribunals has codified its responsibility to commanders on articles 86 and 87 of Additional Protocol I 1977, both of which are also considered to reflect customary international law development of. With regard to article 7, paragraph 3, of article 6, paragraph 3, of the Statutes of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Tribunal for Rwanda, the judicial practice of article 6, paragraph 3, has evolved into a complex and difficult legal system. The ICC’s responsibility mechanism for commanders mainly comes from the treaty mechanism of Article 28 of the Rome Statute. Under this stipulation, both the military and the non-military superior can be prosecuted as individual criminal responsibility as defendants. The recent ad hoc criminal tribunals and the practice of the International Criminal Court have created sharp disagreements over a range of issues, including: (1) the nature of the commander’s responsibility; (2) how the commander’s responsibility applies to the crime of purpose, in particular Is genocide and how it applies to other types of crime other than the commission of crime; (3) how and why the commander’s responsibility helps to distinguish; (4) how the imputation of commander responsibility will affect the defendant The sentencing. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the above issues and to explore these issues from the perspective of the operation of positive law and methodology.