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惩罚是法律与社会理论中的一个重要论题。在惩罚问题上,涂尔干和福柯对于近代以来残酷惩罚的衰落,以及从酷刑到监禁的历史变迁都做了分析,并且都触及到国家权力与个人权利相互加强、螺旋上升的现代趋势。而在分析思路和认知态度上,二人却表现出明显不同。关于惩罚,涂尔干坚持一种道德观点,视惩罚为道德过程,而福柯则坚持一种政治观点,视惩罚为权力技术。由这两种不同的典型观点,可以洞察人和国家在现代社会所遭遇的道德和政治困境。就此困境而言,在现代进程中,维护和加强人和国家的道德向度显得尤为必要。
Punishment is an important topic in law and social theory. On the issue of punishment, Durkheim and Foucault analyzed the decline of cruel punishment in modern times and the historical changes from torture to imprisonment, and touched upon the modern trend of mutual reinforcement and spiraling of state power and individual rights. In the analysis of ideas and cognitive attitude, the two showed significant differences. With regard to punishment, Durkheim insisted on a moral point of view, punishing punishment as a moral process, while Foucault insisted on a political viewpoint, treating punishment as power technology. From these two different typical perspectives, one can gain an insight into the moral and political hardship that people and nations encounter in modern society. As far as this dilemma is concerned, in the modern process, it is especially necessary to safeguard and strengthen the moral orientation of people and nations.