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2016年高考江苏卷任务型阅读以因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围为主题,从概念定义、社会作用、影响类型等角度考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。考生普遍反映2016年高考任务型阅读难度是最大的。文章语言流畅,句子长度适中,理解起来难度不大,但题目需要归纳总结的地方较多,考生答题的时间比较紧,所以仍然让考生感到有些压力。这一项仍然是制约考生分数的“拦路虎”。
一、任务型阅读的命题特点和要求
自2005年9月1日起江苏省开始使用译林出版社和牛津大学出版社联合出版的高中英语课标教材,特别重视学生“综合语言应用能力”的培养,“着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”,“注重发展学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力”。为体现高中英语课程和课标教材采用的“任务型”教学途径,2008年英语学科考试说明对考试题型、分值以及考试要求做了适当改革,撤下了对话填空题,取而代之以读写相结合的任务型阅读。在总结2008年高考命题经验的基础上,2009年英语学科考试说明对任务型阅读提出了更为明确的要求。2010年以来,“考试说明”对任务型阅读的要求做了调整,改为“根据所读,用恰当的词语补全全文提纲,概括关键内容。”任务型阅读提供了两种示范——树状式和表格式。江苏2008年、2009年、2010年、2015年和2016年高考任务型阅读为表格型; 江苏2011年、2012年、2013年和2014年高考任务型阅读为树状型。题型要求是根据所读内容在表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词, 注意每个空格只填1个单词或有限的几个单词。参考时间为15分钟。其特点是考查考生对文中有效信息进行二次加工,归纳要点、整合零散信息,并根据表格的形式把加工后的信息准确、有序地表达出来。对于表格中所缺的单词,命题者往往重实词(动词和名词)的考查。题目的设置归纳起来可以分为以下三种类型:
1.信息捕捉题(基础题) 要求学生能快速在文章中查找相关细节,锁定信息来源,并用文章中的词或其适当形式填空。信息捕捉题是基础题目,一般可以直接通过将表格和短文进行对照,边读文章边找出与试题相关的句子信息,获取到相关单词,有时试题和原文句型句式不同,需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应单词,不需变化,直接填入。如(2016年江苏卷)71. Internet 原词再现。根据第一段第四句Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围,也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。
属于使用文章中的原词。再如(2016年江苏卷)75. heart / core 同义句转换。根据第三段第二句“... which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core / heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。
2.信息转换题(活用题) 灵活考查学生在知识重组基础上,运用多种表达方式表意的能力,突显遣词造句能力的考查。比如,用意义相同或相反的词完成句子的能力。同时,在限定一空一词的要求下,更需要考生有逆向思维的能力。这种类型的题目一般不能直接在文章中找到题目给出的句子,需要考生在捕捉到相关信息之后,将捕捉到的信息进行加工转换。如(2016年江苏卷)73. keeping 词形转换。根据第二段第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details...”可知动词短语“keep... in mind记住”,在表格中放在介词without的后面,要使用动名词keeping的形式。再如(2016年江苏卷)74. all / different / various 同义词转换。根据第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知原文中“matters small and large”就是“all / different / various”的事情。
3.信息综合题(综合概括题) 要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题或行(栏)的标题,考查学生概括与推断的能力,归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力,也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。 如(2016年江苏卷)77. judge 归纳总结。根据第三段最后一句“Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.”而且在网络上阅读其他人的信息,让我判断我的行为是否合理,所以表格里使用动词judge。再如(2016年江苏卷)78. mixed / two 归纳总结。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容,所以使用形容词“mixed / two”。
二、任务型阅读的命题特点可归纳为以下三点
1.突出体现文章结构与层次任务型读写与传统的阅读理解题的主要不同就在于它对文章结构和层次的体现。从大标题(文章主题)到小标题(论述的各个侧面或分析列举),再到各个细节或不同论据,任务型读写以表格的形式形象地展现了文章的框架,让学生对文章进行了从“骨头”到“血肉”的彻底分析。 2.強调捕捉与组织信息的能力。任务型读写设题的初衷是考查学生对信息的综合加工和处理能力,其信息不仅体现在短文阅读中,还体现在对表格信息的比较和理解中。综合《考试说明》中的四种类型所体现的三类命题,即捕捉信息题、组织信息题和归纳信息题,较为恰当的设题比例一般是5∶3∶2。单就这一题型来讲,兼顾了学生的不同层次,有覆盖面也有区分度,从考查学生水平的角度来说,是比较科学和客观的。
3.兼顾阅读理解与文字表述的能力。任务型阅读属于主观题范畴,故其在阅读理解能力的考查之外,适当向文字表达能力倾斜。所有的组织信息题,都需要考查对阅读所得的信息进行加工,同时兼顾空格前后的文字与句式来选择适当的单词。在这一过程中,所有文字表述需要的知识点都会得到相应的考查,例如主谓一致、时态语态、非谓语动词、固定搭配等基础的语言知识。
三、任务型阅读常用词汇及词组转换
1. 常用高频词汇
标题、话题:title; topic;主题:theme;观点:ideas / opinions / views / thoughts;理由:reason / reasons; why;起因:cause; why;过程:process; course; procedure;结果:result / results; consequence / consequences;结论:conclusion;解决的办法:solution;现象:phenomenon / phenomena;因素:factor / factors;建议:tip / tips; advice; suggestion / suggestions; instruction / instructions;优点、好处:advantage / advantages; benefit / benefits;缺点、坏处:disadvantage / disadvantages;影响:influence / influences; effect / effects; (positive / negative);损失:damage / damages; harm / harms;地点:place / location / where;情况:situation;事件:event;内容:content;起源:origin;概要:summary;态度:attitude;评论:comment / comments; remark / remarks;分析:analysis / analyses;问题:problem / problems; doubt / doubts / question / questions;质量:quality;功能:function;证据:evidence;百分比:percentage;项目:item;方面:aspect;背景:background;情节:plot;时间: time / when;阶段:period;stage;日期:date;特点:characteristic / characteristics; feature / features;目的:aim / aims; purpose / purposes; goal / goals; intention / intentions;方法:way / ways; method / methods; means; measure / measures; step / steps;种类:kind / kinds; type / types; species; category / categories;比较:comparison; contract;国籍:nationality;技能:skill;成就:achievement;全面发展:all-round development;区别:difference;相似:similarity
2. 高频词性/短语变换
able (a.)—be able to do—ability (n.);disabled (a.)—disability (n.);capable (a.)—be capable of—capability (n.);absent (a.)—be absent from—absence (n.);present (a.)—be present at—presence (n.);abundant (a.)—be abundant in—abundance (n.);access (n.)—have access to—accessible (a.);value (n. / v.)—be of great value—valuable (a.);acquire (v.)—acquisition (n.);responsible (a.)—responsibility (n.);possible (a.)—possibility (n.);communicate (v.)—communication (n.);analyze (v.)—analysis (n.);aware (a.)—be aware of—awareness (n.);prepare (v.) —preparation (n.)—make preparations for;familiar (a.)—sth. be familiar to sb. / sb. be familiar with sth.—familiarity (n.);describe (v.)—description (n.);pronounce (v.)—pronunciation (n.);explain (v.)—explanation (n.); necessary (a.)—unnecessary (a.)—necessity (n.);create (v.)—creativity (n.);imagine (v.)—imagination (n.)—imaginative (a.)(想象力丰富的)—imaginable (a.)(可以想象的)—imaginary (a.)(想象中的);motivate (v.)—motivation (n.)—motivated (a.) 3. 高频同义词/词组替换
mention—refer to(referring, referred);put off / hold up(通常用被动)—delay / postpone;call off—cancel;be in favor of—support;be of (great) value / importance / significance—valuable / important / significant;on purpose—deliberately;in particular—particularly;deal with / do with sth.—handle sth.;ask sb. for advice—consult sb.;get over—overcome;come into being / existence—exist;at times—sometimes / occasionally;make progress—improve;inform sb. of sth. —keep sb. informed of;don’t want to—be unwilling to;most of n. —the majority of n.;in spite of—despite; despite the fact (that);rather than—instead of;burst into tears / laughter—burst out crying / laughing;set out to do—set about doing
4. 高频转换类常用句型
100 years = 1 century = 10 decades;take advantage of = make use of;parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of parents;oppose the move = be against the move = object to = disagree with;consider... = take... into consideration / account;at the beginning = at first;be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for;since the beginning of human evolution = throughout human history;Americans have been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities. = Americans have been migrating south and west for decades, seeking a better job / searching / looking for a better job.;housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked / relevant to / connected with housing;take an active part in = take part in sth. actively;encourage participation in quiet activities = encourage children to participate in / take part in / play a role in quiet activities;be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones;valuable information = information of great value;understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.;affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.;matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference;kills sb. = sth. costs sb. sth. = claim one’s life;make an apology = apologize to sb.;be over = end = put... to an end;despite = in spite of;share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up;online = on the Internet;learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens;list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at;explain sth. = make an explanation;offer sth. to sb. = provide / supply sth. for sb.;besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from;be better than = be superior to;approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.;have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to;stop = quit = give up;in part = partly;every year = yearly = annually;use up = run out of;run out = give out = be used up;be accused of = be charged with;most of the people = the majority of the people;starve to death = die of hunger / starvation;socially responsible = social responsibility;sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to = sb. benefit from sth .;commit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.;make full use of = make the most of
一、任务型阅读的命题特点和要求
自2005年9月1日起江苏省开始使用译林出版社和牛津大学出版社联合出版的高中英语课标教材,特别重视学生“综合语言应用能力”的培养,“着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”,“注重发展学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力”。为体现高中英语课程和课标教材采用的“任务型”教学途径,2008年英语学科考试说明对考试题型、分值以及考试要求做了适当改革,撤下了对话填空题,取而代之以读写相结合的任务型阅读。在总结2008年高考命题经验的基础上,2009年英语学科考试说明对任务型阅读提出了更为明确的要求。2010年以来,“考试说明”对任务型阅读的要求做了调整,改为“根据所读,用恰当的词语补全全文提纲,概括关键内容。”任务型阅读提供了两种示范——树状式和表格式。江苏2008年、2009年、2010年、2015年和2016年高考任务型阅读为表格型; 江苏2011年、2012年、2013年和2014年高考任务型阅读为树状型。题型要求是根据所读内容在表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词, 注意每个空格只填1个单词或有限的几个单词。参考时间为15分钟。其特点是考查考生对文中有效信息进行二次加工,归纳要点、整合零散信息,并根据表格的形式把加工后的信息准确、有序地表达出来。对于表格中所缺的单词,命题者往往重实词(动词和名词)的考查。题目的设置归纳起来可以分为以下三种类型:
1.信息捕捉题(基础题) 要求学生能快速在文章中查找相关细节,锁定信息来源,并用文章中的词或其适当形式填空。信息捕捉题是基础题目,一般可以直接通过将表格和短文进行对照,边读文章边找出与试题相关的句子信息,获取到相关单词,有时试题和原文句型句式不同,需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应单词,不需变化,直接填入。如(2016年江苏卷)71. Internet 原词再现。根据第一段第四句Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围,也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。
属于使用文章中的原词。再如(2016年江苏卷)75. heart / core 同义句转换。根据第三段第二句“... which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core / heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。
2.信息转换题(活用题) 灵活考查学生在知识重组基础上,运用多种表达方式表意的能力,突显遣词造句能力的考查。比如,用意义相同或相反的词完成句子的能力。同时,在限定一空一词的要求下,更需要考生有逆向思维的能力。这种类型的题目一般不能直接在文章中找到题目给出的句子,需要考生在捕捉到相关信息之后,将捕捉到的信息进行加工转换。如(2016年江苏卷)73. keeping 词形转换。根据第二段第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details...”可知动词短语“keep... in mind记住”,在表格中放在介词without的后面,要使用动名词keeping的形式。再如(2016年江苏卷)74. all / different / various 同义词转换。根据第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知原文中“matters small and large”就是“all / different / various”的事情。
3.信息综合题(综合概括题) 要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题或行(栏)的标题,考查学生概括与推断的能力,归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力,也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。 如(2016年江苏卷)77. judge 归纳总结。根据第三段最后一句“Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.”而且在网络上阅读其他人的信息,让我判断我的行为是否合理,所以表格里使用动词judge。再如(2016年江苏卷)78. mixed / two 归纳总结。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容,所以使用形容词“mixed / two”。
二、任务型阅读的命题特点可归纳为以下三点
1.突出体现文章结构与层次任务型读写与传统的阅读理解题的主要不同就在于它对文章结构和层次的体现。从大标题(文章主题)到小标题(论述的各个侧面或分析列举),再到各个细节或不同论据,任务型读写以表格的形式形象地展现了文章的框架,让学生对文章进行了从“骨头”到“血肉”的彻底分析。 2.強调捕捉与组织信息的能力。任务型读写设题的初衷是考查学生对信息的综合加工和处理能力,其信息不仅体现在短文阅读中,还体现在对表格信息的比较和理解中。综合《考试说明》中的四种类型所体现的三类命题,即捕捉信息题、组织信息题和归纳信息题,较为恰当的设题比例一般是5∶3∶2。单就这一题型来讲,兼顾了学生的不同层次,有覆盖面也有区分度,从考查学生水平的角度来说,是比较科学和客观的。
3.兼顾阅读理解与文字表述的能力。任务型阅读属于主观题范畴,故其在阅读理解能力的考查之外,适当向文字表达能力倾斜。所有的组织信息题,都需要考查对阅读所得的信息进行加工,同时兼顾空格前后的文字与句式来选择适当的单词。在这一过程中,所有文字表述需要的知识点都会得到相应的考查,例如主谓一致、时态语态、非谓语动词、固定搭配等基础的语言知识。
三、任务型阅读常用词汇及词组转换
1. 常用高频词汇
标题、话题:title; topic;主题:theme;观点:ideas / opinions / views / thoughts;理由:reason / reasons; why;起因:cause; why;过程:process; course; procedure;结果:result / results; consequence / consequences;结论:conclusion;解决的办法:solution;现象:phenomenon / phenomena;因素:factor / factors;建议:tip / tips; advice; suggestion / suggestions; instruction / instructions;优点、好处:advantage / advantages; benefit / benefits;缺点、坏处:disadvantage / disadvantages;影响:influence / influences; effect / effects; (positive / negative);损失:damage / damages; harm / harms;地点:place / location / where;情况:situation;事件:event;内容:content;起源:origin;概要:summary;态度:attitude;评论:comment / comments; remark / remarks;分析:analysis / analyses;问题:problem / problems; doubt / doubts / question / questions;质量:quality;功能:function;证据:evidence;百分比:percentage;项目:item;方面:aspect;背景:background;情节:plot;时间: time / when;阶段:period;stage;日期:date;特点:characteristic / characteristics; feature / features;目的:aim / aims; purpose / purposes; goal / goals; intention / intentions;方法:way / ways; method / methods; means; measure / measures; step / steps;种类:kind / kinds; type / types; species; category / categories;比较:comparison; contract;国籍:nationality;技能:skill;成就:achievement;全面发展:all-round development;区别:difference;相似:similarity
2. 高频词性/短语变换
able (a.)—be able to do—ability (n.);disabled (a.)—disability (n.);capable (a.)—be capable of—capability (n.);absent (a.)—be absent from—absence (n.);present (a.)—be present at—presence (n.);abundant (a.)—be abundant in—abundance (n.);access (n.)—have access to—accessible (a.);value (n. / v.)—be of great value—valuable (a.);acquire (v.)—acquisition (n.);responsible (a.)—responsibility (n.);possible (a.)—possibility (n.);communicate (v.)—communication (n.);analyze (v.)—analysis (n.);aware (a.)—be aware of—awareness (n.);prepare (v.) —preparation (n.)—make preparations for;familiar (a.)—sth. be familiar to sb. / sb. be familiar with sth.—familiarity (n.);describe (v.)—description (n.);pronounce (v.)—pronunciation (n.);explain (v.)—explanation (n.); necessary (a.)—unnecessary (a.)—necessity (n.);create (v.)—creativity (n.);imagine (v.)—imagination (n.)—imaginative (a.)(想象力丰富的)—imaginable (a.)(可以想象的)—imaginary (a.)(想象中的);motivate (v.)—motivation (n.)—motivated (a.) 3. 高频同义词/词组替换
mention—refer to(referring, referred);put off / hold up(通常用被动)—delay / postpone;call off—cancel;be in favor of—support;be of (great) value / importance / significance—valuable / important / significant;on purpose—deliberately;in particular—particularly;deal with / do with sth.—handle sth.;ask sb. for advice—consult sb.;get over—overcome;come into being / existence—exist;at times—sometimes / occasionally;make progress—improve;inform sb. of sth. —keep sb. informed of;don’t want to—be unwilling to;most of n. —the majority of n.;in spite of—despite; despite the fact (that);rather than—instead of;burst into tears / laughter—burst out crying / laughing;set out to do—set about doing
4. 高频转换类常用句型
100 years = 1 century = 10 decades;take advantage of = make use of;parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of parents;oppose the move = be against the move = object to = disagree with;consider... = take... into consideration / account;at the beginning = at first;be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for;since the beginning of human evolution = throughout human history;Americans have been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities. = Americans have been migrating south and west for decades, seeking a better job / searching / looking for a better job.;housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked / relevant to / connected with housing;take an active part in = take part in sth. actively;encourage participation in quiet activities = encourage children to participate in / take part in / play a role in quiet activities;be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones;valuable information = information of great value;understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.;affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.;matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference;kills sb. = sth. costs sb. sth. = claim one’s life;make an apology = apologize to sb.;be over = end = put... to an end;despite = in spite of;share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up;online = on the Internet;learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens;list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at;explain sth. = make an explanation;offer sth. to sb. = provide / supply sth. for sb.;besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from;be better than = be superior to;approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.;have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to;stop = quit = give up;in part = partly;every year = yearly = annually;use up = run out of;run out = give out = be used up;be accused of = be charged with;most of the people = the majority of the people;starve to death = die of hunger / starvation;socially responsible = social responsibility;sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to = sb. benefit from sth .;commit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.;make full use of = make the most of