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伴随着都市化进程的加速,为了满足日益加重的公共建设任务,美国法中的开发者负担制度,作为将公共建设任务转移至私人开发主体的规制政策模式于20世纪中后期在地方各州层面开始大量出现。各州法院针对开发者负担制度形成了三种不同的形式化审查标准,亦即“合理关系”标准、“特定且唯一原因”标准以及“理性关联”标准,这些司法审查标准之间存在显著差异,形成了司法审查的地方主义特色。联邦最高法院提出的“根本关联”与“大致合比例”的司法审查标准,非但没有就此统一地方层面殊异的审查标准,反而使得开发者负担制度的合法性审查更加复杂化。20世纪90年代各州大规模的影响费立法,吸收了各州法院司法审查的特殊标准,体现了司法过程对规制政策的影响;同时,影响费立法中咨询委员会等程序装置,也鲜明反映了现代规制国家的制度特征。
Accompanying the accelerating process of urbanization, in order to meet the increasing task of public construction, the system of the developer’s burden in the American law as the regulatory policy mode of transferring the task of public construction to private development started in the mid-20th century at the level of local states Large numbers of. Each state court has formed three different formal examination standards for developer burden system, that is, “reasonable relationship ” standard, “specific and unique reason ” standard and “rational association ” standard. These judicial review standards There is a significant difference between the formation of the judicial review of the characteristics of localism. Instead of unifying regional-specific standards of review, the federal Supreme Court’s criterion of judicial review of “fundamentally related” and “substantially proportionate” not only complicates the review of the legality of the developer burden system. The large-scale impact legislation of states in the 1990s brought in the special standards of state court judicial review and reflected the influence of the judicial process on the regulatory policies. At the same time, the procedural devices such as the advisory committee in the impact-fee legislation clearly reflected the modern regulations The institutional characteristics of the country.