自从Swan-Ganz导管问世以来热稀释法心输出量测定（COtd）一直是监测心力衰竭病人公认的方法。虽然在理论上COtd是最直接的床旁血液动力学测定手段，但因测定值易受操作技术影响，它充其量只能估计实际心输出量的15％~20％，在低血流状态，三尖瓣反流或左向右分流等情况下，其 Thermodilution cardiometry (COtd) has been a well-established method of monitoring patients with heart failure since the introduction of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Although COtd is the most direct measure of bedside hemodynamics in theory, it is only able to estimate 15% to 20% of actual cardiac output at best due to the susceptibility of the measured values ​​to operating techniques. In low blood flow states, Cricoid regurgitation or left to right shunt, etc., its