纳格拉(Nakers)是起源于阿拉伯或撒拉森的一种中世纪的小型定音鼓(在霍恩波斯特尔与萨克斯的体系中归为膜鸣类)。在20世纪末,这种乐器存在于北非、土耳其、埃及和叙利亚,它的鼓身是由木头、金属或陶制成的碗状的,并且在它开口的顶端蒙以动物的皮革(图1)。在西方它通常使用较 Nakers is a small medieval timbre that originated in Arabia or Saracen (classified as a membrane in Hornposter and Saxophone). At the end of the 20th century, this instrument was found in North Africa, Turkey, Egypt and Syria. Its shell was shaped like a bowl made of wood, metal or pottery and was covered with animal leather at the top of its opening (Figure 1) . It is usually used more in the West