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选择好的词汇后,组词成句是十分关键的一步。句子是文章的基础,写好句子十分重要。下面笔者就以学生写的一篇短文为例进行剖析,来谈一谈如何写好句子。
My school life
I still remember the day when I first went to school at the age of seven, happy and excited. I thought everything at school was so wonderful that the school was simply a beautiful garden. My childhood dream had come true.
How time flies! Now I has been at school for ten years. Every morning I get up early. On his way to school, the rising sun greets me with a smile. In class I enjoy reading aloud, answer questions and listening to the teachers. In the evening, a lot of homework is done, feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields, expect to have a good harvest. Our school has a basketball centre, where I often play basketball with my classmates in PE classes.
We had many subjects to learn. So we very busy. During breaks, I often go for a rest in front of the classroom building, I talking with my friends or I looking into the distance. The blue sky, the white clouds, the flying birds, around me all the things make me happy. What a happy life we have at school! Never will I forget my school life.
一、完整性
1.句子成分要齐全
在英语中,主语和谓语是构成句子的必要成分,二者缺一不可。但是在汉语中,有些句子可以没有主语或谓语。因此受母语的影响,中国学生往往会写出没有主语或谓语的英语句子。
在第三段第二个句子“So we very busy.”中,“we” 和 “very”之间缺少谓语“are”。
2. 句意的完整性
一个完整的句子表达单一的完整的意思。它不包含并不紧密相关的意思,也不表达本身不完整的意思。
在第一段第一个句子“I still remember the day when I first went to school at the age of seven, happy and excited.”中,如果去掉定语从句“when I first went to school at the age of seven, happy and excited”,主句“I still remember the day”的意思就不完整了。
二、一致性
一致性指的是句子前后之间要有照应、有衔接;思想的表达应该是有序的、清楚的;句子与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑,不能造成歧义或矛盾。一致性表现在以下几个方面:
1. 主谓要一致:谓语在人称和数上要与主语保持一致。
在第二段第二个句子“Now I has been at school for nine years”中,谓语“has”与主语 “I”在人称和数上没有保持一致,应改为“have”。
2. 平行结构中的成分要一致
为了使句子前后保持平衡和协调,句中的并列成分应在形式上保持一致。
在第二段第五个句子“In class I enjoy reading aloud, answer questions and listening to the teachers.”中,“enjoy” 后应接动名词,所以“answer questions” 没有与“reading aloud, listening to the teachers”在形式上保持一致,应改为“answering questions”。
3. 代词使用的一致性
代词与其所代替或修飾的名词应在人称、性别和数上保持一致;代词指代要清楚。
在第二段第四个句子“On his way to school, the rising sun greets me with a smile.”中,“his”应改为“my”,因为这篇短文说的是作者“我”的学校生活,并以第一人称写的。
4. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语要与句中的主语保持一致
在第二段第六个句子“In the evening, a lot of homework is done, feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields, expecting to have a good harvest.”中,“feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields和expecting to have a good harvest”的逻辑主语与句子的主语“homework ”不一致,此句子应改为“In the evening, I do a lot of homework, feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields, expecting to have a good harvest”。 5. 人称、语态及时态的相对一致性
在写作文时,文思要连贯,不可从一个视点转到另一个视点。
切勿突然改变主语和语态;勿在一个句子中突然改变时态;勿突然改变语气。
在第三段第二个句子“We had many subjects to learn.”中,谓语“had”的时态用得不对,应改为一般现在时“have”,因为此短文说的是作者“现在的”学校生活,而不是“过去的”学校生活。
6. 修饰语要放在句中正确的位置
在第三段第四个句子“The blue sky, the white clouds, the flying birds, around me all the things make me happy.”中, “around me”是介词短语,应作后置定语来修饰“all the things”,所以此句应改为“The blue sky, white clouds, and flying birds, all the things around me make me happy.”
三、简洁性
为了实现简洁,应该避免冗长和不必要的重复。
在第三段第三个句子“During breaks, I often go for a rest in front of the classroom building, I talking with my friends or I looking into the distance.”中,“talking with my friends”和“looking into the distance”的逻辑主语与句子主语“I”一致,所以应把后两个“I”去掉以避免不必要的重复。
四、多样性
句型的多样化,对好的文章来说是必不可少的。几个词序、长度、结构和类型相似的句子连在一起,或用同一个名词或代词作主语,必然会显得很单调和乏味。为多样化起见,短句、长句、简单句、并列句和复合句都应交替使用。也可偶尔用一个问句、祈使句、感叹句或强调句。但是不要只是为了多样化而频频变化句型。句子的结构和长度首先要由表达的思想来决定。只有恰当地表达思想时多样化才可取。
选择句子时既要使句子生动,又要使其简明扼要。
1. 使用一些表达感情的句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力。
强调手段是增强语言表现力,增强表达效果的一种有效手段。凡是重要的信息都应在表达时予以强调。写作文时,可以使用从属结构(从句、分词短语或介词短语等)、感叹、重复、改变词序、强调词、强调短语、强调句型、语态等手段对重要信息加以强调。
第二段第一个句子“How time flies!”是一个感叹句,来表达“光阴似箭”的强烈感情色彩;第三段最后一个句子“Never will I forget my school life.”是个倒装句,来表达作者“将学校生活永远铭记心中”的强烈感情色彩。
2. 句式多样,复杂得体。
在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型,而应注意句式的变化,如长短句结合,简单句、并列句和复合句结合,还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构,如独立主格、分词结构等也可使用。之所以用这些句式和结构是因为它们各有自己的特色:
短句可以起到强调作用;长句可以用来精确地表达复杂的思想内容。
简单句的特点短小精悍;并列句的特點层次均匀,可进行前后表达的意义转折、并列、因果和对比;复合句则可通过使用不同含义的从属连词,使句子的主从关系更明朗、准确。
简化句使句子简洁明了。
独立主格和分词结构使句子简洁和生动。
第一段第二个句子“I thought everything at school was so wonderful that the school was simply a beautiful garden.”是一个含有“so... that”引导的状语从句的复合句。
第二段最后一个句子“Our school has a basketball centre, where I often play basketball with my classmates in PE classes.”是一个含有where引导的定语从句的复合句。
My school life
I still remember the day when I first went to school at the age of seven, happy and excited. I thought everything at school was so wonderful that the school was simply a beautiful garden. My childhood dream had come true.
How time flies! Now I has been at school for ten years. Every morning I get up early. On his way to school, the rising sun greets me with a smile. In class I enjoy reading aloud, answer questions and listening to the teachers. In the evening, a lot of homework is done, feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields, expect to have a good harvest. Our school has a basketball centre, where I often play basketball with my classmates in PE classes.
We had many subjects to learn. So we very busy. During breaks, I often go for a rest in front of the classroom building, I talking with my friends or I looking into the distance. The blue sky, the white clouds, the flying birds, around me all the things make me happy. What a happy life we have at school! Never will I forget my school life.
一、完整性
1.句子成分要齐全
在英语中,主语和谓语是构成句子的必要成分,二者缺一不可。但是在汉语中,有些句子可以没有主语或谓语。因此受母语的影响,中国学生往往会写出没有主语或谓语的英语句子。
在第三段第二个句子“So we very busy.”中,“we” 和 “very”之间缺少谓语“are”。
2. 句意的完整性
一个完整的句子表达单一的完整的意思。它不包含并不紧密相关的意思,也不表达本身不完整的意思。
在第一段第一个句子“I still remember the day when I first went to school at the age of seven, happy and excited.”中,如果去掉定语从句“when I first went to school at the age of seven, happy and excited”,主句“I still remember the day”的意思就不完整了。
二、一致性
一致性指的是句子前后之间要有照应、有衔接;思想的表达应该是有序的、清楚的;句子与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑,不能造成歧义或矛盾。一致性表现在以下几个方面:
1. 主谓要一致:谓语在人称和数上要与主语保持一致。
在第二段第二个句子“Now I has been at school for nine years”中,谓语“has”与主语 “I”在人称和数上没有保持一致,应改为“have”。
2. 平行结构中的成分要一致
为了使句子前后保持平衡和协调,句中的并列成分应在形式上保持一致。
在第二段第五个句子“In class I enjoy reading aloud, answer questions and listening to the teachers.”中,“enjoy” 后应接动名词,所以“answer questions” 没有与“reading aloud, listening to the teachers”在形式上保持一致,应改为“answering questions”。
3. 代词使用的一致性
代词与其所代替或修飾的名词应在人称、性别和数上保持一致;代词指代要清楚。
在第二段第四个句子“On his way to school, the rising sun greets me with a smile.”中,“his”应改为“my”,因为这篇短文说的是作者“我”的学校生活,并以第一人称写的。
4. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语要与句中的主语保持一致
在第二段第六个句子“In the evening, a lot of homework is done, feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields, expecting to have a good harvest.”中,“feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields和expecting to have a good harvest”的逻辑主语与句子的主语“homework ”不一致,此句子应改为“In the evening, I do a lot of homework, feeling like a farmer working hard in his fields, expecting to have a good harvest”。 5. 人称、语态及时态的相对一致性
在写作文时,文思要连贯,不可从一个视点转到另一个视点。
切勿突然改变主语和语态;勿在一个句子中突然改变时态;勿突然改变语气。
在第三段第二个句子“We had many subjects to learn.”中,谓语“had”的时态用得不对,应改为一般现在时“have”,因为此短文说的是作者“现在的”学校生活,而不是“过去的”学校生活。
6. 修饰语要放在句中正确的位置
在第三段第四个句子“The blue sky, the white clouds, the flying birds, around me all the things make me happy.”中, “around me”是介词短语,应作后置定语来修饰“all the things”,所以此句应改为“The blue sky, white clouds, and flying birds, all the things around me make me happy.”
三、简洁性
为了实现简洁,应该避免冗长和不必要的重复。
在第三段第三个句子“During breaks, I often go for a rest in front of the classroom building, I talking with my friends or I looking into the distance.”中,“talking with my friends”和“looking into the distance”的逻辑主语与句子主语“I”一致,所以应把后两个“I”去掉以避免不必要的重复。
四、多样性
句型的多样化,对好的文章来说是必不可少的。几个词序、长度、结构和类型相似的句子连在一起,或用同一个名词或代词作主语,必然会显得很单调和乏味。为多样化起见,短句、长句、简单句、并列句和复合句都应交替使用。也可偶尔用一个问句、祈使句、感叹句或强调句。但是不要只是为了多样化而频频变化句型。句子的结构和长度首先要由表达的思想来决定。只有恰当地表达思想时多样化才可取。
选择句子时既要使句子生动,又要使其简明扼要。
1. 使用一些表达感情的句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力。
强调手段是增强语言表现力,增强表达效果的一种有效手段。凡是重要的信息都应在表达时予以强调。写作文时,可以使用从属结构(从句、分词短语或介词短语等)、感叹、重复、改变词序、强调词、强调短语、强调句型、语态等手段对重要信息加以强调。
第二段第一个句子“How time flies!”是一个感叹句,来表达“光阴似箭”的强烈感情色彩;第三段最后一个句子“Never will I forget my school life.”是个倒装句,来表达作者“将学校生活永远铭记心中”的强烈感情色彩。
2. 句式多样,复杂得体。
在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型,而应注意句式的变化,如长短句结合,简单句、并列句和复合句结合,还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构,如独立主格、分词结构等也可使用。之所以用这些句式和结构是因为它们各有自己的特色:
短句可以起到强调作用;长句可以用来精确地表达复杂的思想内容。
简单句的特点短小精悍;并列句的特點层次均匀,可进行前后表达的意义转折、并列、因果和对比;复合句则可通过使用不同含义的从属连词,使句子的主从关系更明朗、准确。
简化句使句子简洁明了。
独立主格和分词结构使句子简洁和生动。
第一段第二个句子“I thought everything at school was so wonderful that the school was simply a beautiful garden.”是一个含有“so... that”引导的状语从句的复合句。
第二段最后一个句子“Our school has a basketball centre, where I often play basketball with my classmates in PE classes.”是一个含有where引导的定语从句的复合句。